The Issue Of The Civil War - 1842 Words

One exception to the rising trend in democracy was Rhode Island. Its policy was that voters had to own land worth at least $134 or rent for $7 per year. Due to a growing population of wage earners who did not own property, proponents of democracy organized a People’s Convention and drafted a new constitution. It gave all adult white men the right to vote. When reformers proceeded to ratify their new constitution and inaugurate Thomas Dorr, Rhode Island’s president, John Tyler, called on federal troops. The movement was unsuccessful and Thomas Dorr ended up spending nearly two years in prison for committing treason. The Dorr War made it clear how serious it was to exclude any group of white men from voting. This eventually led to the†¦show more content†¦When banks began asking for payments from the people who had been loaned money, many â€Å"†¦farmers and business men who could not repay declared bankruptcy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Foner 366) â€Å"The depressio n lingered for two years. It was the first of several severe downturns that would tarnish America s otherwise vigorous economy throughout the 19th century.† (Reynolds) Expansion of the West brought the question of whether or not slavery would be allowed. In 1819, Missouri, a region carved out of Louisiana Purchase, requested that it form its own constitution before its administration into the Union as a state. With regards to slavery, â€Å"James Tallmadge, a Republican congressman from New York, moved that the introduction of more slaves be prohibited and that children of those already in Missouri be freed at age twenty-five.† (Foner 368) This proposal ignited two years of controversy. In 1820, the senate stepped in and Jesse Thomas of Illinois proposed a three part compromise to Talmadge’s plan. First, Missouri would be allowed to draft its own Constitution. It would also â€Å"†¦be admitted to the union as a slave state, but would be balanced by the admission of Maine, a free state, that had long wanted to be separated from Massachusetts.† (ushistory.org) Lastly, slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana Purchaseâ €™s remaining territory. Thomas’ plan was adopted by Congress as the MissouriShow MoreRelatedThe Slavery Issue Of The Civil War1373 Words   |  6 PagesThe slavery issue is a subject that continues to be discussed today, and for most Americans, the main reason that launched the civil war. Both authors agree that slavery was morally wrong and it almost brought the Union to its knees and the destruction of it. However, both authors have very distinct thoughts and reasons for it. While Stanley Elkins’ Slavery has a more personal and opinionated account, James McPherson’s interpretation in Ordeal by Fire is based on facts. McPherson employs the useRead MoreThe Issue Of Slavery And The Civil War1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe question of slavery and the rights of states to decide on the matter for themselves completely controlled politics in the years prior to the Civil War. Laws were passed, such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which made it so any slaves that escaped were to be sent back to their owners. Not only would these runaway slaves be punished severely, but anybody who aided them in escape would also be subject to harsh punishment. These desperate men, women, and children had no protection in the legalRead MoreSlavery and Pre-Civil War Issues2065 Words   |  8 PagesSlavery and Pre Civil War Issues 15. Use TWO of the following categories to analyze the ways in which African Americans created a distinctive culture in slavery. Family, Music, Oral Traditions, and Religion Thesis: Despite the oppression of slavery, African Americans were able to keep their culture alive through their music and oral traditions. Topic Sentence 1: African Americans were able to create and preserve a distinctive music culture that helped to showcase their culture in a white dominatedRead MoreThe Civil War Was A Long Term Issue1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War was a momentous time in American history. America was a country divided with two regions waging war on each other. The north and the south were split apart into the Union and the Confederacy. South Carolina was the first to secede from the Union and was followed by ten more states. The complexity as to why eleven states seceded from the Union has been a question that historians have explored for years. Explanations such as political and economic issues have been uncovered. Slavery hasRead MoreControversial Issues During The Pre Civil War1284 Words   |  6 PagesThere were many controversial issues and events during the Pre-Civil War Era that stimulated and contributed to the occurrence of the war. Many of these issues and events were affected by one man in particular during this time, Frederick Douglass. He was an African American slave who ran away to become a free man, and he had considerable influence among the nation. He wrote a narrative about his life as a slave, which had a great impact on society and on the Civil War, but understanding its impactRead MoreEconomic Issues Between the North and South Causing the Civil War900 Words   |  4 PagesWhen examining the events that took place during the Civil War, there is a great misconception regarding the reason for military engagement. Many believe that it was due to the attempt to release the slaves from the South in order to grant them the same freedom and rights as any white person, but this was not the case. In actuality, the war had less to do with slavery, and more to do with the union of the states. During the time of the civil war, the states that were a part of the United States wereRead MoreHave Historians over Emphasised the Slavery Issue as a Cause of the Ci vil War?2008 Words   |  9 PagesThe American Civil War has caused many debates amongst a wide range of historians resulting in many different views being formed on all aspects of the War. The argument whether slavery has been overemphasised is one of great debate. Some historians like Michael F. Holt concur that the slavery issue was nearly the only reason and cause of the American civil war. Others disagree, Joel H. Silbey agrees that this is a reason but not the only one other ideas to need to be looked at to the cause of theRead MoreWhich Was the Most Important Reason for the Outbreak of the English Civil War: -Tension Between King and Parliament -Religious Issues2247 Words   |  9 PagesAssessment 3-Which was the most important reason for the outbreak of the English Civil war: -Religious issues -Tension between King and Parliament In 1625, Charles I became King of England and Scotland at the age of 25.17 years later, 1642, Civil war broke out in England between Charles I and members of Parliament. When Charles I became King there was already tension because his father James I had lots of arguments with parliament even suspending them in 1611. When James I next recalled parliamentRead MoreSectional issues leading up to the Civil War, how the North South and West felt about states rights, tariffs, western land policy, mexican war, secession and how all these linked back to slavery.1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil war was the most momentous and crucial period of time in the history of America. Not only did this war bring an end to slavery but also paved way for numerous social and political changes. The country had already been torn by the negative trend in race relations and the numerous cases of slave uprisings were taking their toll on the country s political and social structure. The country was predominately divided up into 3 sections, the North, the South, and the West. Each of these groupsRead MoreThe American Civil War981 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War w as one of the major events in history that helped develop America to what it is today. Many people think that the American Civil War was fought over the issue of slavery alone, but in reality it was caused by many disagreements and events between the northern free states and southern slave states that occurred prior to the war. Monetary alterations were one of the main reasons the North and South had many conflicts and differences in beliefs. The Civil War was an inevitable

Race And Gender Roles The Women On The Porch As Southern...

Race and gender roles were an ever present issue in the Southern culture and dynamic. After the Civil War, dramatic changes began to take place in the South. Political leaders began to enact Civil Rights amendments, industrialization became more popular, and gender roles were beginning to be indistinct. In Southern literature, the portrayal of female characters evolved along side with the Southern culture. Female characters became more independent, strong-willed, and hardworking. Even African Americans became the main characters in Southern literature. In â€Å"Caroline Gordon’s Ghosts: The Women on the Porch as Southern Gothic Literature†, Tanfer Tunc discusses the evolution of the female character in Southern literature. Tunc also notes that traces of racism can still be found in Southern literature. Even though civil rights were being encouraged, some individuals still held onto their Old Southern beliefs. Examples of these traits can be found in the works of Southern authors. In Zora Neale Hurston’s â€Å"Sweat†, Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use†, and Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Desiree’s Baby†, the authors use racism as a defining point in their short stories. Each of the authors draw attention to the separation and the lingering hostility between the African American and Caucasian communities. After the Civil War, women in Southern society started their own Feminist movement. They demanded equal political, economic, and social rights for women. As female roles in society began to evolve, so didShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1910 Words   |  8 Pages To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on the author s observations of her family and neighbors, as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator

Tourism and Hotel Management Realistic Budget of Evaluation

Question: Describe about the Tourism and Hotel Management for Realistic Budget of Evaluation. Answer: Introduction The present report for the hospitality enterprise Gold Coast B n B addressed to the management team helps in gaining an overview of the enterprise and the importance of the promotional campaign for the business. In addition to this, the present study also helps in determination of the strategy for designing the promotional campaign after establishment of the target market. In addition to this, the present report also elucidates in detail the communication objectives of the promotional campaign based on the situation of the company in a particular phase of the business cycle. Furthermore, the study also expounds illustratively different channels of communication that the management of the company can use for ensuring effectiveness of the promotional campaign. Thereafter, the present report presents different performance KPIs that the management of the company can use for evaluation of the performance of the promotional campaign and provides a realistic budget for the same. Overview of the selected hospitality enterprise Gold Coast Primary features Gold Coast B N B is situated close to a variety of theme parks and this bed and breakfast is only the 10-minute drive freogm the Warner Bros and many other significant places that include the Movie World, Dream World and Wet n Wild. Gold Coast B n B also offers huge outdoor pool, tennis court as well as table tennis court. Again, the guests of the hotel can enjoy different complimentary breakfast and make use of the WiFi connection provided to the customers. In addition to this, the operators of the hotel Gold coast B n B also provide air-conditioned rooms with toaster, kettle, refrigerator as well as microwave in each room. Furthermore, the rooms are well furnished with the flat TVs [h, private washroom with hair dryers. Size The size of the hotel industry in Australia in which Gold Coast B n B refers to the number of players operating in that particular industry. The extrapolation of important results on hotel industry in Australia reveals that approximately 6807 hotels in Australia generates an overall employment of roughly 188000 people (Australian Hotels Association. 2016). Detailed estimation of the hotel industry discloses the fact that the annual expenditure of the hotel industry on security is almost equal to $515.6 million (Edb.gov.hk. 2016). However, there is no definitive figure associated to the number of hotels. The total annual revenue of the hotel industry in Australia is approximately $11.1 billion as recorded during the period (Australian Hotels Association. 2016). The luxury hotel business can become a noteworthy section of the hospitality industry that is currently undergoing expeditious expansions (Deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au. 2016). Turnover The turnover of hotels refers to the act or else the outcome of turning over and lead to change and movement of people (Chernev 2012). The turnover refers to the aggregate of replacements of workers in a particular period in the hotel industry. The hotel turnover therefore directs towards the need for exploration of different antecedents of the thoughts of leaving the job (Clow and Baack 2012). The management of the hotel operators can assume important steps in controlling the flow of the customers as well as the turnover rate of the restaurant. In addition to this, the management of the company can devise strategies in order to develop the human resource of the service-based organization Gold Coast B n B. The strategies can in turn can elevate the morale of the members of the staff, provide working environment and a thereby reduce the turnover of the members of the staff of the corporation Gold Coast B n B. Visitation Numbers As recorded in the year 2014, there was a strong rise in the international tourism assisted by the faster than anticipated decline in the estimated depreciation of the Australian Dollar. In all, the overall arrival of the international guests grew by approximately 8% (Deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au. 2016). The increase in the arrival of international guests in Australia also increases the demand of the hotels in Australia. The growth in arrival from China sustained the double-digit place that led to the increase in the spending activity by roughly 10.5%. The domestic travel trips increased by more than 5% and the visitor nights grew by more than 6.7% (Deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au. 2016). However, the main drivers of the growth of the hotel Gold Coast B n B are the corporate visits as well as visits of friends as well as relatives. Determination of a suitable promotion campaign strategy for the Gold Coast The management iof the hotel Gold Coast B n B can consider suitable strategy for carrying out promotion campaigns. The management of the hotel can devise different promotional strategies that include the mass market pro motion, use of specialized agencies, discounts and the partnering up. The marketing managers of the companies such as Gold Coast B n B can help in determination of the promotion mix, establishment of the budget, allocation of resources, coordination of campaign and supervision of resources and measurement of the results (Hutt and Speh 2013). The management of the company can develop a promotional mix for each section of the distribution outlet. In order to promote the products and services of the corporation, the hotel operators might want to use an appropriate mix of the personal selling, advertising and buying discounts. This strategy is known as the push strategy (Hutt and Speh 2014). Again, the hotel operators might use a different promotional mix that incorporate s the strategies of local as well as nationwide advertising, displays in stores, sales promotion in addition to public relations to access the targeted consumers (Clow and Baack 2012). This is known as the pull policy that can generate the interests as well as demands of the customers (Inkson and Minnaert 2012). In the present case, the marketing managers of the hotel operator Gold Coast B n B can adopt the pull policy and concentrate on the element of the sales promotion of the promotional mix (Keegan 2012). The sales promotion is primarily directed at the customers, employees or else different members of the channels. The sales promotion element of the promotional mix is mainly targeted at the customers such as the consumer sales promotions. The hotel operators an use different devices of the sales promotion that includes the price or else the quantity discount coupons, sample , diverse premiums, attractive displays at different point of purchase in addition to contests as well as rebates among many others (Kotler and Keller 2012). Mass Market Promotion: The administration of the hotel Gold Coast B n B can take into consideration the mass-market promotion in which the extensive online travel sellers have the access as well as the marketing power to provide big numbers when it comes to total number of rooms sold. The mass marketing can also be related to the element of the public relation (Lib.dr.iastate.edu. 2016). However, that almost all the travellers are aware about various names that have dedicated websites sustained by different advertising campaigns in markets worldwide. The mass-market promotion also takes into consideration both the large chains as well as independent properties that can sell hotel rooms at discounts via online (Mattson 2012). The mass market promotion can provide invaluable exposure and be well beyond the means of small hotels owners to accomplish targets independently (Yanez 2012). Specialized Agencies: The management of the hotel Gold Coast B n B can make use of travel agencies that can be used as a mechanism for sale. The specialized agencies can act as a promotional campaign strategy that can act as a targeted effort than the nationwide mass sellers (OrdoÃÅ' nÃÅ'Æ’ez de Pablos et al. 2012). The management of the hotel Gold Coast B n B can formulate strategies for the purpose of development of different ways to successfully compete with other huge competitors in the market. Discounts: The process of discounting can also be considered an important promotional campaign strategy that the management of the hotel Gold Coast B n B can take into consideration. As such, the potential guests of the hotel are essentially provided with certain promised rates that are mainly lower than the normal for different rooms booked under different stipulations (Page 2012). The operators of the hotel might offer discounts that in turn can be linked to the elements of the sales promotion of the promotion mix of the corporation. Partnering The operators of the hotel can also enter into partnership with other firms. The promotional policies can integrate the needs of more than one business that are often cheaper to put together than diverse efforts of solo marketing (Paliwoda et al. 2013). Other sales promotion strategies include the price deal that refers to the process of luring more guests to the hotel by reduction of the price (Peter and Donnelly 2013). In addition to this, the marketing management of the company can take into consideration different loyal reward program where the target consumers can collect different points as well as credits for purchases for rewards. This strategy can be linked to the policy of public relation (Rosengren et al. 2013). Establishment of target market for a particular promotional campaign The marketing department of the hotel Gold Coast B n B can establish the target market for promotional campaign of the corporation. The marketing managers of the company need to understand the services of the corporation and understand the way it resolves different problem. The marketing department of the company can also draw pictures of the target consumers. Again, the marketers also need to understand the people who can gain from different value in the offer (Song 2012). In addition to this, the marketers also need to take into consideration the gain of the target consumers from the value provided by the company. Furthermore, the marketing managers of the hotel Gold Coast B n B also need to think about the market and start the segmentation of the market in accordance with the specific categories of the people (age, gender, income class, profession, attitudes, behaviours and preferences). Again, the target market can also take into account different geographical locations as well a s tight market sectors. The marketing management can also take into account different internal factors of the corporation (Teq.queensland.com. 2016). The marketing management of the company can segmentify the market in different echelons in order to ensure effective use of the resources, creation of value for the target market and for proper positioning. The marketing managers of the hotel can take into account both mass marketing and segment marketing. The mass marketing can help the hotel operators to cater the same product to different consumers. Again, the use of segment marketing can help in marketing different products to different sections. The marketing team of the hotel might take into account geographic segmentation and develop the campaign accordingly (Chernev 2012). The promotional campaign needs to attract guests from different geographic segments that include international guests, national tourists as well as regional guests to the hotel. Again, marketing managers can divide the markets into different demographic segments. The criterion for demographic segmentation include the age, gender, size of the family, income, occupation, level of education, race, nationality and religion among many others. The hotel operators of Gold Coast B n B can also divide the market according to different features of the psychographics that takes into consideration the social class, lifestyle as well as personality of the segment. Furthermore, the management of the hotel can also categorise the market according to different behavioural factors. The different variables of behavioural segmentation include the occasions, benefits, status of the user, rate of usage, loyalty status, and stage of readiness and the attitude of the consumers towards the products and services of the organization (Chernev 2012). Rationale for the selection of the target market based on market research The analysis of the Australian market for tourism reveals the fact that the tourism business has become encouraging since the time of the pre global financial crisis and the pipeline of the hotel supply has remained broadly stable. The positive demand can push the performance of the hotels. The trips of the visitors in the domestic tourism increased 5% (Deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au. 2016). The main drivers of the growth are the corporate travels in addition to visits to relatives. Therefore, the management of Gold coast B N B can also select the target market of both the leisure and the business travellers. In addition to this, the analysis of the international tourism reveals the fact that there is a strong growth in international tourism assisted by the fast depreciation of the Australian dollar. As a result, the arrivals of the international visitors also increased by more than 8.2% during the end of the year 2014 (Edb.gov.hk. 2016). Therefore, the marketing management of the Go ld Coast B n B can also target the international guests and develop a suitable marketing campaign that can attract the international travellers as well. Again, as per reports, the spending activity in the most valuable tourism market of Australia also grew by more than 15.2% (Deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au. 2016). Therefore, the selection of the international tourists can be regarded as a right decision of the hotel operators of the Gold Coast B n B. Reports also disclose the fact that the arrivals of tourists from China have sustained the double digit figure. In addition to this, there is growth in the arrivals of tourists from Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong and many other places of the Asia (Teq.queensland.com. 2016). The promotional campaign that selects both the national and international travellers can be said to be justified. The hotel sector has seen a robust growth in Australia during the year 2014 and the occupancies and the average daily rates has grown by more than 2.2% ( Teq.queensland.com. 2016). The marketer can therefore target. Therefore, the segmentation of the market of Gold Coast B n B into three different segments: (leisure travellers, business travellers and at the same time premium travellers) is justified. However, the reports on the tourism market of Australia can also support the decision to target the upper and the mid segment class of tourists, honeymooners both national and international, corporate personnel as well as families (Page 2012). The company can position appropriately by adoption of the differentiated strategy of marketing that requires different mixes of marketing for diverse segments. Determination of the communication objective of the promotional campaign based on the situation in the business cycle The communication objective of the promotional campaign it mainly to accomplish specific communication as well as sales objective. The promotional formats for communication include advertising, social media, personal selling as well as visual merchandising (Peter and Donnelly 2013). The communication objective of the hotel operators is to attain growth by ensuring brand recognition Paliwoda et al. 2013). The communication is for ensuring recognition of the brand that can help in understanding as well as connecting with the brand image that is critical for long term loyalty of the customers as well as profits. In addition to this, the communication objective of promotional campaign is also to generate of purchase intent among consumer Paliwoda et al. 2013). The communication objectives in the promotional campaign include stimulation of trial use, convincing tourists to switch from other players in the market and to encourage existing tourists to purchase greater quantities. Again, the promotional campaign also has the communication objective of attainment of the growth in the sales. Gold Coast B n B that intends to attain growth by using promotional campaign that can build the base of the customers and collect greater revenue to cover up the costs of the business operations (Paliwoda et al. 2013). Analysis of the competition The perceptual mapping shows the competitive position of the hotel Gold Coast B n B among different competing players in the Gold Coast (Peter and Donnelly 2013). The diagram above shows that the Gold Coast B n B offers high quality services at comparatively lower price in comparison to other players in the market. Communication Channels for the promotional campaign As per the goals of the communication of the promotional campaign that includes brand awareness, generation of leads and sales, the channels for communication can be selected by the management of the hotel. The marketing channels that are also known as the media can act as the delivery vehicle for the intended message (Mattson 2012). The marketing management of the organization can select traditional media that includes the publications such as newspapers, journals as well as magazines, radio and tv, billboards, postal services, telephones as the channels for promotional campaign. In addition to this, the management of the Gold coast hotel can also use new channels of media that comprises of websites and blogs, social media, emails, digital apps in mobile among many others (Mattson 2012). Establishment of Key Performance Indicators (KI) that can be tracking the success of the campaign The marketing management division of the hotel Gold Coast B n B can build the KPI system for the purpose of evaluation of the performance of the job of different individual sections of the organization, objectives of the organization along with the overall performance management system of the hotel with special orientation to the promotional campaign. The KPIs need align with the strategy of the organization and need to provide answers to the important questions and thereby need to provide pertinent information regarding the efficacy of the operations of the business concern (Keegan 2012). The marketing managers of the organization can implement different types of KPIs in order to manage the performance of the promotional campaign aimed at improvement of the business operations of the company Gold Coast B n B. As rightly put forward by Keegan (2012)the types of KPIs that can manage the performance of the promotional campaign of the organization include the Process KPI, I[nput KPI, Output KPI, Leading KPI, Lagging KPI, Outcome KPI, Outcome KPI, Qualitative KPI and Quantitative KPI. ne Performance KPI (Categories) Examples Process KPI- Enumerates the efficiency of the processes involved in launching the campaign Days to present and launch the promotional campaign Input KPI- measures the assets as well as resources required to generate the requisite business results from the promotional campaign (Keegan 2012) Amount of dollars spent on the overall research and development, finances for training the employees of the hotel Outcome KPI-enumerates the results that can reflect the success as well as failure of the corporation after the conduction of the promotional campaign from the perspective of generated benefits. This type of KPI helps in the quantification of the overall performance of the promotional campaign (Hutt and Speh 2013) Percentage of customer retained, awareness of the customers regarding the brand (Hutt and Speh 2013) Output KPI- enumerates the financial as well as non-financial measures of different business actions involved in the promotional campaign Revenues earned, total number of new guests acquired by the hotel Qualitative KPI- helps in evaluation of the descriptive characteristics from the opinions, features, properties as well as traits (Hutt and Speh 2013) Satisfaction of the consumers through extensive survey that can generate qualitative report (Keegan 2012) Quantitative KPI- The quantitative KPIs are essentially measurable features that can enumerated by counting, calculation of percentages, averages and ratios among many others Quantitative data can be considered as the most measurable form of data and is the backbone of the key performance indicators Budget for the promotional campaign Conclusion The present segment helps in analysing the condition of the tourism industry in Australia especially Gold Coast in order to formulate a successful promotional campaign for the hotel Gold Coast B n B. The present study discloses different facts and reports that can help in the carrying out the promotional campaign for the hotel. Reports reveal that the domestic day trip visitation increased 1%, international visitation increased 7% along with the increase in the average length of stay by 1%. This shows that there are further opportunities for growth in this business that directs the management of the company to frame a promotional campaign that in turn can help the business to attain growth. The above study provides an overview of the organization along with the important features of the industry. The current study thereafter helps in gaining deep understanding regarding the business of the corporation, the significance of the promotional campaign and the most appropriate campaign tha t can support the objectives of the business. References Australian Hotels Association. 2016.Here's Cheers! - Australian Hotels Association. [online] Available at: https://aha.org.au [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Chernev, A. 2012.Strategic marketing management. [Chicago, Ill.]: Cerebellum Press. Clow, K. and Baack, D. 2012.Cases in marketing management. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au. 2016.Deloitte Access Economics - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Edb.gov.hk. 2016.Education Bureau | [online] Available at: https://www.edb.gov.hk [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Hutt, M. and Speh, T. 2013.Business marketing management. Australia: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Hutt, M. and Speh, T. 2014.Business marketing management B2B. Andover: Cengage Learning EMEA. Inkson, C. and Minnaert, L. 2012.Tourism management. Los Angeles: SAGE. Keegan, W. 2012.Global marketing management. Harlow: Pearson Education. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. 2012.Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Lib.dr.iastate.edu. 2016.Digital Repository @ Iowa State University | Iowa State University Research. [online] Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Mattson, E. 2012.Promotion and Marketing Communications. New Delhi: World Technologies. OrdoÃÅ' nÃÅ'Æ’ez de Pablos, P., Tennyson, R. and Zhao, J. 2012.Global hospitality and tourism management technologies. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. Page, S. 2012.Tourism management. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Paliwoda, S., Andrews, T. and Chen, J. 2013.Marketing Management in Asia. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Peter, J. and Donnelly, J. 2013.A preface to marketing management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Rosengren, S., DahleÃÅ' n, M. and Okazaki, S. 2013.Advances in advertising research. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. Song, H. 2012.Tourism supply chain management. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Teq.queensland.com. 2016. [online] Available at: https://teq.queensland.com/~/media/4398C4AC552A4CCCB171700E44A8B30C.ashx [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Yanez, M. 2012.Types of Advertising. Delhi: White Word Publications.

Aviation Management Fastest Growing Sector

Question: How strategies outlined in the EU sustainable aviation policy is more attractive and competitive? Answer: Introduction According to Cini and Borragan (2016), the European Union is a political and economical group of 28 countries situated mostly in Europe, operating through a system of intergovernmental-negotiated decisions and supranational institutions by the member states. European Union sustainable aviation policy addresses current issues in the field of aviations like fostering the use of bio-fuels, improving aircraft fuel efficiency, minimizing environmental impact and reducing airframe and engine noise. The key terms like attractiveness, policy and competitiveness are elaborated by citing the policies of European Union. The aviation policy of European Union is linked with the attractiveness and competitiveness. Defining terms: Policy: According to Scarlat et al. (2015), the aviation sector is one of the fastest moving sectors globally. The sustainable aviation policy aims to address current issues of aviation like : expanding the use of bio-fuels, reducing environmental impact, raising the aircraft fuel efficiency and reducing aircraft and engine noise. This policy aims to reduce the global reduction of greenhouse by 70% (Richardson 2015), few of the policy recommendations of European Union are as follows: Evaluating the challenges posed by Aviation sector: The assessment by the European Environmental Agency of the challenge aviation possess to the challenge aviation possess to the climate change objectives and keeping in mind the 2020 to 2050 year frame. They have framed a long term objectives with a milestone for achieving the aviations emissions objectives by 2050 (Golinska and Hajdul 2012). Leveraging the post of EU presidency: The leveraging of the post of EU presidency calls on the EU to create a level playing field between aviation and other industries that are covered under Kyoto Protocol. This means coming to a neutral ground of reducing or offsetting aviation carbon di oxide emission to 8%, in line with the agreement. The EU should track the climate changes happening due to the airline departures not only of European Union flights but also of all the aggregate number of flights departing under the jurisdiction of EU. On the other hand, other organizations have viewed more radical views like the aviation sector should pay for much heftier fees to offset the emission made by the flights. In this scenario, the 8 % Kyoto EU target protocol is not only pragmatic, but also a thing of grave importance to mainstream the position of the aviation and deliver a level playing field for a wide of organizations (Scarlat et al. 2015). The political and technical perspective: The conventional system assumes that the airplane companies will be directly involved in emission trading; on the contrary on a different agreement airports under the jurisdiction of EU will purchase allowances in respect of carbon di oxide emissions from departed aeroplanes to an extent of agreed target. The EU airport emission charge varies according to the size and type of the engines and EU reserves the right to change the guidelines change anytime according to the convenience of EU. General supplement to EU airport charges, state that the airline has every benefit to reduce the emissions of harmful gases proportional to fuel burns and the airports can charge if they think that to be rational. Putting emphasis on social objectives: The social objectives is of prime importance to the EU sustainable development policy and the policy should be subject to social equity appraisal. Many tax proposals are channeled to the social development functions like poverty reduction or other social issues. Charging higher ticket prices to the airlines boarded by higher income groups and cutting don of noise pollution to a permissible level of 30 decibels. Attractiveness: According to Regan (2014), the implementation of EU Sustainable aviation policy had received a mixed reaction, one group of people cited this as a tough ruling where as other group took it as a welcoming change. Leading industrialists welcomed this, by emphasizing that this is a cost effective ways of delivering targets. European Union has initiated various guidelines and prepared a legislation to promote progress towards a Single European Sky and making an airport package to smoothen the progress of the field of aviation states. This policy, put focus on the digitalization in the form of use of drones, product customization and an integrated transport policy and the airlines and airports taking the help from this policy have developed an innovative business approaches to get hold of new sources of business, elevate operational efficiency and offer customized product services. It was found that a suboptimal performance level was achieved and a tradeoff is required to be built between political and legal issues in favor of the national interests. This policy has applied different charges based on the size of the engine and body, to cut off the emissions from the airplanes. This policy creates a playing field between aviation and mainstream sectors that are under the Kyoto agreement, thus helping in cutting the emission of harmful gases in the environment (Papageorgiou et al. 2015). Competitiveness: World economic forum has predicted that a fourth industrial revolution may come, courtesy the policies of the EU Sustainable development policies. Aviation helps in the trading of goods, services and socioeconomic development of nations and tourism and it is also important for the political peacekeeping, defense and humanitarian concerns. Countries situated in the remotest places of the earth can be assessable only by airlines and in other big countries the vast majority of the population depends on the population. Digitalisation is helping to change the way the airline system works, and the commission has embraced the positive effects of technology that can be implemented towards an integrated transport policy. The airlines and airports are applying new and developed innovative approaches to search for new sources of revenue, elevating operational efficiencies and applying techniques to limit the commoditization of the products and offering customized services.On th e other hand Richardson et al. (2015), stated that drones are posing a tricky challenge to the EU aviation policy and the use of drones requires several proliferations with regard to safety of air traffic, personal privacy, security and legislation of the certification and licensing to the name of the operators. Recently a concern has grew over the fact that the scarcity of the same playing field between mainstream sectors and aviation sectors, that are already covered by the Kyoto targets, was putting at risk the competitiveness of the mainstream sectors already covered by the Kyoto agreements. The EU finance ministers have promised to put money in modern public services and they came under elevted pressure to deal with an increasing government sector lending equipment. EU sustainable aviation policy: Aviation sector is one of the fastest growing sector in Europe and this sector creates a lot of environmental pollution. European Union has made sustainable aviation policy to cope up with the environmental pollution and has created sustainable policies so that the countries and the airlines operating out of European Union countries has to adhere to the policies made by EU so that the pollution level can be kept under check and the polluting airlines monetarily compensates EU so that this will act as a deterrent to the polluting airline companies. European Union gives social equity as prime importance in the Sustainable aviation policies and the social equity perspective gives importance to: a. Poverty reduction: European Union put much effort in delivering the development goals on reducing the poverty and thus implementing Franco-German aviation tax proposals. Franco-German aviation tax proposals internalizes the external cost of aviation and boost the Millenium development Goal funding. b. Spreading awareness: One of the important objective of Sustainable policy is to spread awareness about the environmental impact of aviation and give a clear picture of how the European aviation is performing. As a result, citizens,policy makers, politicians, industrialists and regulators have clarity on the workings of the aviation sector and they can make their decisions accordingly. Design and Technology: According to Weinhold (2013), sustainable policy aims in improving the levels of noise and emissions through improving the design and technology of the aerospace operating out of European Union and making a clear forecast on the emissions. This policy also provide insights into sustainable designs such as open rotor, and their environmental performance. d. Alternative Fuels: This policy gives importance to the use of alternative fuels, such as reducing CNG emissions in the coming decades and encouraging the use of bio-fuels. Market based measures: Market based measures are needed in meeting the emission targets of the aviation and mere operational and technological improvements are not considered enough. Market based measures to tackle the impact of Emission Trading System for intra- EU flights, and of emissions and noise charging schemes (Groeke 2013). Diagram 1 showing the total emissions as compared to sustainable level of emission (Source: Fan 2013) Apart from the above mentioned points, the sustainable policy also puts importance to the Research and Development, to improve the designing and technology of airlines which helps in cutting emissions. On the other hand Golinska and Hajdul (2012), stated that, in the aviation sector, the results of research take a long time to bear fruit and may lead to a situation of market failures and distortions. The Sustainability policy has made a road map for the upcoming 30 years and study has found that the existing policies will become obsolete in the upcoming years due to changes in the patterns of customer taste, increasing global pollutions and emission trading problems. In the longer term, the sustainable policy wants to cut the exhaustion of the greenhouse gases by 70% as compared to 1990. If the sustainable policy is properly implemented then it will have a positive impact on the environment and the objectives of the European Union will be satisfied, but the implementation is a tediou s task and to properly implement it, co-ordination of different parties like customers, industrialists, regulatory bodies and the government (Cini and Borragn 2016). Linking policy to attractiveness and competitiveness Mission: According to Wallace (2015), the Sustainable policy has a mission of reducing the harmful emissions from the aviation and increase the use of alternative fuels like biofuels and use of ethanol, instead of fuels that are currently being used. Increase in the spending on research and development to improve the design of turbines and engines of the airplanes to cut down the emissions level and reach a target of cutting down the greenhouse gases to a level of 70% as compared to pre- industrialization era of 1990 (Fan 2013). Aim: The aim of the sustainable policy is to manage the aviation sector and operate under the policies and guidelines of the policy. Objectives: Clearly defining the objectives of the policy help to put up the exact picture of the development and citizens, policy makers, regulatory bodies, politicians and industrialists have a clear understanding of the happenings in the aviation sector and they can take decisions accordingly. The objective of the sustainable policies is to cut off the harmful emissions by 70% as compared with the 1990 and spread awareness among the related groups through seminars, symposiums and prior notices (Scarlat 2015). Conclusion: It can be concluded from the above report that aviation sector is one of the fastest growing sector globally and at the same time it is the most polluting sector, responsible for the air and noise pollution. European Union has created a sustainable aviation policy to outline the strategies that are found to be beneficial to the environment and have a long term environmental impact. 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