The Issue Of The Civil War - 1842 Words

One exception to the rising trend in democracy was Rhode Island. Its policy was that voters had to own land worth at least $134 or rent for $7 per year. Due to a growing population of wage earners who did not own property, proponents of democracy organized a People’s Convention and drafted a new constitution. It gave all adult white men the right to vote. When reformers proceeded to ratify their new constitution and inaugurate Thomas Dorr, Rhode Island’s president, John Tyler, called on federal troops. The movement was unsuccessful and Thomas Dorr ended up spending nearly two years in prison for committing treason. The Dorr War made it clear how serious it was to exclude any group of white men from voting. This eventually led to the†¦show more content†¦When banks began asking for payments from the people who had been loaned money, many â€Å"†¦farmers and business men who could not repay declared bankruptcy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Foner 366) â€Å"The depressio n lingered for two years. It was the first of several severe downturns that would tarnish America s otherwise vigorous economy throughout the 19th century.† (Reynolds) Expansion of the West brought the question of whether or not slavery would be allowed. In 1819, Missouri, a region carved out of Louisiana Purchase, requested that it form its own constitution before its administration into the Union as a state. With regards to slavery, â€Å"James Tallmadge, a Republican congressman from New York, moved that the introduction of more slaves be prohibited and that children of those already in Missouri be freed at age twenty-five.† (Foner 368) This proposal ignited two years of controversy. In 1820, the senate stepped in and Jesse Thomas of Illinois proposed a three part compromise to Talmadge’s plan. First, Missouri would be allowed to draft its own Constitution. It would also â€Å"†¦be admitted to the union as a slave state, but would be balanced by the admission of Maine, a free state, that had long wanted to be separated from Massachusetts.† (ushistory.org) Lastly, slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana Purchaseâ €™s remaining territory. Thomas’ plan was adopted by Congress as the MissouriShow MoreRelatedThe Slavery Issue Of The Civil War1373 Words   |  6 PagesThe slavery issue is a subject that continues to be discussed today, and for most Americans, the main reason that launched the civil war. Both authors agree that slavery was morally wrong and it almost brought the Union to its knees and the destruction of it. However, both authors have very distinct thoughts and reasons for it. While Stanley Elkins’ Slavery has a more personal and opinionated account, James McPherson’s interpretation in Ordeal by Fire is based on facts. McPherson employs the useRead MoreThe Issue Of Slavery And The Civil War1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe question of slavery and the rights of states to decide on the matter for themselves completely controlled politics in the years prior to the Civil War. Laws were passed, such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which made it so any slaves that escaped were to be sent back to their owners. Not only would these runaway slaves be punished severely, but anybody who aided them in escape would also be subject to harsh punishment. These desperate men, women, and children had no protection in the legalRead MoreSlavery and Pre-Civil War Issues2065 Words   |  8 PagesSlavery and Pre Civil War Issues 15. Use TWO of the following categories to analyze the ways in which African Americans created a distinctive culture in slavery. Family, Music, Oral Traditions, and Religion Thesis: Despite the oppression of slavery, African Americans were able to keep their culture alive through their music and oral traditions. Topic Sentence 1: African Americans were able to create and preserve a distinctive music culture that helped to showcase their culture in a white dominatedRead MoreThe Civil War Was A Long Term Issue1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War was a momentous time in American history. America was a country divided with two regions waging war on each other. The north and the south were split apart into the Union and the Confederacy. South Carolina was the first to secede from the Union and was followed by ten more states. The complexity as to why eleven states seceded from the Union has been a question that historians have explored for years. Explanations such as political and economic issues have been uncovered. Slavery hasRead MoreControversial Issues During The Pre Civil War1284 Words   |  6 PagesThere were many controversial issues and events during the Pre-Civil War Era that stimulated and contributed to the occurrence of the war. Many of these issues and events were affected by one man in particular during this time, Frederick Douglass. He was an African American slave who ran away to become a free man, and he had considerable influence among the nation. He wrote a narrative about his life as a slave, which had a great impact on society and on the Civil War, but understanding its impactRead MoreEconomic Issues Between the North and South Causing the Civil War900 Words   |  4 PagesWhen examining the events that took place during the Civil War, there is a great misconception regarding the reason for military engagement. Many believe that it was due to the attempt to release the slaves from the South in order to grant them the same freedom and rights as any white person, but this was not the case. In actuality, the war had less to do with slavery, and more to do with the union of the states. During the time of the civil war, the states that were a part of the United States wereRead MoreHave Historians over Emphasised the Slavery Issue as a Cause of the Ci vil War?2008 Words   |  9 PagesThe American Civil War has caused many debates amongst a wide range of historians resulting in many different views being formed on all aspects of the War. The argument whether slavery has been overemphasised is one of great debate. Some historians like Michael F. Holt concur that the slavery issue was nearly the only reason and cause of the American civil war. Others disagree, Joel H. Silbey agrees that this is a reason but not the only one other ideas to need to be looked at to the cause of theRead MoreWhich Was the Most Important Reason for the Outbreak of the English Civil War: -Tension Between King and Parliament -Religious Issues2247 Words   |  9 PagesAssessment 3-Which was the most important reason for the outbreak of the English Civil war: -Religious issues -Tension between King and Parliament In 1625, Charles I became King of England and Scotland at the age of 25.17 years later, 1642, Civil war broke out in England between Charles I and members of Parliament. When Charles I became King there was already tension because his father James I had lots of arguments with parliament even suspending them in 1611. When James I next recalled parliamentRead MoreSectional issues leading up to the Civil War, how the North South and West felt about states rights, tariffs, western land policy, mexican war, secession and how all these linked back to slavery.1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil war was the most momentous and crucial period of time in the history of America. Not only did this war bring an end to slavery but also paved way for numerous social and political changes. The country had already been torn by the negative trend in race relations and the numerous cases of slave uprisings were taking their toll on the country s political and social structure. The country was predominately divided up into 3 sections, the North, the South, and the West. Each of these groupsRead MoreThe American Civil War981 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War w as one of the major events in history that helped develop America to what it is today. Many people think that the American Civil War was fought over the issue of slavery alone, but in reality it was caused by many disagreements and events between the northern free states and southern slave states that occurred prior to the war. Monetary alterations were one of the main reasons the North and South had many conflicts and differences in beliefs. The Civil War was an inevitable

Race And Gender Roles The Women On The Porch As Southern...

Race and gender roles were an ever present issue in the Southern culture and dynamic. After the Civil War, dramatic changes began to take place in the South. Political leaders began to enact Civil Rights amendments, industrialization became more popular, and gender roles were beginning to be indistinct. In Southern literature, the portrayal of female characters evolved along side with the Southern culture. Female characters became more independent, strong-willed, and hardworking. Even African Americans became the main characters in Southern literature. In â€Å"Caroline Gordon’s Ghosts: The Women on the Porch as Southern Gothic Literature†, Tanfer Tunc discusses the evolution of the female character in Southern literature. Tunc also notes that traces of racism can still be found in Southern literature. Even though civil rights were being encouraged, some individuals still held onto their Old Southern beliefs. Examples of these traits can be found in the works of Southern authors. In Zora Neale Hurston’s â€Å"Sweat†, Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use†, and Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Desiree’s Baby†, the authors use racism as a defining point in their short stories. Each of the authors draw attention to the separation and the lingering hostility between the African American and Caucasian communities. After the Civil War, women in Southern society started their own Feminist movement. They demanded equal political, economic, and social rights for women. As female roles in society began to evolve, so didShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1910 Words   |  8 Pages To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on the author s observations of her family and neighbors, as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator

Tourism and Hotel Management Realistic Budget of Evaluation

Question: Describe about the Tourism and Hotel Management for Realistic Budget of Evaluation. Answer: Introduction The present report for the hospitality enterprise Gold Coast B n B addressed to the management team helps in gaining an overview of the enterprise and the importance of the promotional campaign for the business. In addition to this, the present study also helps in determination of the strategy for designing the promotional campaign after establishment of the target market. In addition to this, the present report also elucidates in detail the communication objectives of the promotional campaign based on the situation of the company in a particular phase of the business cycle. Furthermore, the study also expounds illustratively different channels of communication that the management of the company can use for ensuring effectiveness of the promotional campaign. Thereafter, the present report presents different performance KPIs that the management of the company can use for evaluation of the performance of the promotional campaign and provides a realistic budget for the same. Overview of the selected hospitality enterprise Gold Coast Primary features Gold Coast B N B is situated close to a variety of theme parks and this bed and breakfast is only the 10-minute drive freogm the Warner Bros and many other significant places that include the Movie World, Dream World and Wet n Wild. Gold Coast B n B also offers huge outdoor pool, tennis court as well as table tennis court. Again, the guests of the hotel can enjoy different complimentary breakfast and make use of the WiFi connection provided to the customers. In addition to this, the operators of the hotel Gold coast B n B also provide air-conditioned rooms with toaster, kettle, refrigerator as well as microwave in each room. Furthermore, the rooms are well furnished with the flat TVs [h, private washroom with hair dryers. Size The size of the hotel industry in Australia in which Gold Coast B n B refers to the number of players operating in that particular industry. The extrapolation of important results on hotel industry in Australia reveals that approximately 6807 hotels in Australia generates an overall employment of roughly 188000 people (Australian Hotels Association. 2016). Detailed estimation of the hotel industry discloses the fact that the annual expenditure of the hotel industry on security is almost equal to $515.6 million (Edb.gov.hk. 2016). However, there is no definitive figure associated to the number of hotels. The total annual revenue of the hotel industry in Australia is approximately $11.1 billion as recorded during the period (Australian Hotels Association. 2016). The luxury hotel business can become a noteworthy section of the hospitality industry that is currently undergoing expeditious expansions (Deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au. 2016). Turnover The turnover of hotels refers to the act or else the outcome of turning over and lead to change and movement of people (Chernev 2012). The turnover refers to the aggregate of replacements of workers in a particular period in the hotel industry. The hotel turnover therefore directs towards the need for exploration of different antecedents of the thoughts of leaving the job (Clow and Baack 2012). The management of the hotel operators can assume important steps in controlling the flow of the customers as well as the turnover rate of the restaurant. In addition to this, the management of the company can devise strategies in order to develop the human resource of the service-based organization Gold Coast B n B. The strategies can in turn can elevate the morale of the members of the staff, provide working environment and a thereby reduce the turnover of the members of the staff of the corporation Gold Coast B n B. Visitation Numbers As recorded in the year 2014, there was a strong rise in the international tourism assisted by the faster than anticipated decline in the estimated depreciation of the Australian Dollar. In all, the overall arrival of the international guests grew by approximately 8% (Deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au. 2016). The increase in the arrival of international guests in Australia also increases the demand of the hotels in Australia. The growth in arrival from China sustained the double-digit place that led to the increase in the spending activity by roughly 10.5%. The domestic travel trips increased by more than 5% and the visitor nights grew by more than 6.7% (Deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au. 2016). However, the main drivers of the growth of the hotel Gold Coast B n B are the corporate visits as well as visits of friends as well as relatives. Determination of a suitable promotion campaign strategy for the Gold Coast The management iof the hotel Gold Coast B n B can consider suitable strategy for carrying out promotion campaigns. The management of the hotel can devise different promotional strategies that include the mass market pro motion, use of specialized agencies, discounts and the partnering up. The marketing managers of the companies such as Gold Coast B n B can help in determination of the promotion mix, establishment of the budget, allocation of resources, coordination of campaign and supervision of resources and measurement of the results (Hutt and Speh 2013). The management of the company can develop a promotional mix for each section of the distribution outlet. In order to promote the products and services of the corporation, the hotel operators might want to use an appropriate mix of the personal selling, advertising and buying discounts. This strategy is known as the push strategy (Hutt and Speh 2014). Again, the hotel operators might use a different promotional mix that incorporate s the strategies of local as well as nationwide advertising, displays in stores, sales promotion in addition to public relations to access the targeted consumers (Clow and Baack 2012). This is known as the pull policy that can generate the interests as well as demands of the customers (Inkson and Minnaert 2012). In the present case, the marketing managers of the hotel operator Gold Coast B n B can adopt the pull policy and concentrate on the element of the sales promotion of the promotional mix (Keegan 2012). The sales promotion is primarily directed at the customers, employees or else different members of the channels. The sales promotion element of the promotional mix is mainly targeted at the customers such as the consumer sales promotions. The hotel operators an use different devices of the sales promotion that includes the price or else the quantity discount coupons, sample , diverse premiums, attractive displays at different point of purchase in addition to contests as well as rebates among many others (Kotler and Keller 2012). Mass Market Promotion: The administration of the hotel Gold Coast B n B can take into consideration the mass-market promotion in which the extensive online travel sellers have the access as well as the marketing power to provide big numbers when it comes to total number of rooms sold. The mass marketing can also be related to the element of the public relation (Lib.dr.iastate.edu. 2016). However, that almost all the travellers are aware about various names that have dedicated websites sustained by different advertising campaigns in markets worldwide. The mass-market promotion also takes into consideration both the large chains as well as independent properties that can sell hotel rooms at discounts via online (Mattson 2012). The mass market promotion can provide invaluable exposure and be well beyond the means of small hotels owners to accomplish targets independently (Yanez 2012). Specialized Agencies: The management of the hotel Gold Coast B n B can make use of travel agencies that can be used as a mechanism for sale. The specialized agencies can act as a promotional campaign strategy that can act as a targeted effort than the nationwide mass sellers (OrdoÃÅ' nÃÅ'Æ’ez de Pablos et al. 2012). The management of the hotel Gold Coast B n B can formulate strategies for the purpose of development of different ways to successfully compete with other huge competitors in the market. Discounts: The process of discounting can also be considered an important promotional campaign strategy that the management of the hotel Gold Coast B n B can take into consideration. As such, the potential guests of the hotel are essentially provided with certain promised rates that are mainly lower than the normal for different rooms booked under different stipulations (Page 2012). The operators of the hotel might offer discounts that in turn can be linked to the elements of the sales promotion of the promotion mix of the corporation. Partnering The operators of the hotel can also enter into partnership with other firms. The promotional policies can integrate the needs of more than one business that are often cheaper to put together than diverse efforts of solo marketing (Paliwoda et al. 2013). Other sales promotion strategies include the price deal that refers to the process of luring more guests to the hotel by reduction of the price (Peter and Donnelly 2013). In addition to this, the marketing management of the company can take into consideration different loyal reward program where the target consumers can collect different points as well as credits for purchases for rewards. This strategy can be linked to the policy of public relation (Rosengren et al. 2013). Establishment of target market for a particular promotional campaign The marketing department of the hotel Gold Coast B n B can establish the target market for promotional campaign of the corporation. The marketing managers of the company need to understand the services of the corporation and understand the way it resolves different problem. The marketing department of the company can also draw pictures of the target consumers. Again, the marketers also need to understand the people who can gain from different value in the offer (Song 2012). In addition to this, the marketers also need to take into consideration the gain of the target consumers from the value provided by the company. Furthermore, the marketing managers of the hotel Gold Coast B n B also need to think about the market and start the segmentation of the market in accordance with the specific categories of the people (age, gender, income class, profession, attitudes, behaviours and preferences). Again, the target market can also take into account different geographical locations as well a s tight market sectors. The marketing management can also take into account different internal factors of the corporation (Teq.queensland.com. 2016). The marketing management of the company can segmentify the market in different echelons in order to ensure effective use of the resources, creation of value for the target market and for proper positioning. The marketing managers of the hotel can take into account both mass marketing and segment marketing. The mass marketing can help the hotel operators to cater the same product to different consumers. Again, the use of segment marketing can help in marketing different products to different sections. The marketing team of the hotel might take into account geographic segmentation and develop the campaign accordingly (Chernev 2012). The promotional campaign needs to attract guests from different geographic segments that include international guests, national tourists as well as regional guests to the hotel. Again, marketing managers can divide the markets into different demographic segments. The criterion for demographic segmentation include the age, gender, size of the family, income, occupation, level of education, race, nationality and religion among many others. The hotel operators of Gold Coast B n B can also divide the market according to different features of the psychographics that takes into consideration the social class, lifestyle as well as personality of the segment. Furthermore, the management of the hotel can also categorise the market according to different behavioural factors. The different variables of behavioural segmentation include the occasions, benefits, status of the user, rate of usage, loyalty status, and stage of readiness and the attitude of the consumers towards the products and services of the organization (Chernev 2012). Rationale for the selection of the target market based on market research The analysis of the Australian market for tourism reveals the fact that the tourism business has become encouraging since the time of the pre global financial crisis and the pipeline of the hotel supply has remained broadly stable. The positive demand can push the performance of the hotels. The trips of the visitors in the domestic tourism increased 5% (Deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au. 2016). The main drivers of the growth are the corporate travels in addition to visits to relatives. Therefore, the management of Gold coast B N B can also select the target market of both the leisure and the business travellers. In addition to this, the analysis of the international tourism reveals the fact that there is a strong growth in international tourism assisted by the fast depreciation of the Australian dollar. As a result, the arrivals of the international visitors also increased by more than 8.2% during the end of the year 2014 (Edb.gov.hk. 2016). Therefore, the marketing management of the Go ld Coast B n B can also target the international guests and develop a suitable marketing campaign that can attract the international travellers as well. Again, as per reports, the spending activity in the most valuable tourism market of Australia also grew by more than 15.2% (Deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au. 2016). Therefore, the selection of the international tourists can be regarded as a right decision of the hotel operators of the Gold Coast B n B. Reports also disclose the fact that the arrivals of tourists from China have sustained the double digit figure. In addition to this, there is growth in the arrivals of tourists from Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong and many other places of the Asia (Teq.queensland.com. 2016). The promotional campaign that selects both the national and international travellers can be said to be justified. The hotel sector has seen a robust growth in Australia during the year 2014 and the occupancies and the average daily rates has grown by more than 2.2% ( Teq.queensland.com. 2016). The marketer can therefore target. Therefore, the segmentation of the market of Gold Coast B n B into three different segments: (leisure travellers, business travellers and at the same time premium travellers) is justified. However, the reports on the tourism market of Australia can also support the decision to target the upper and the mid segment class of tourists, honeymooners both national and international, corporate personnel as well as families (Page 2012). The company can position appropriately by adoption of the differentiated strategy of marketing that requires different mixes of marketing for diverse segments. Determination of the communication objective of the promotional campaign based on the situation in the business cycle The communication objective of the promotional campaign it mainly to accomplish specific communication as well as sales objective. The promotional formats for communication include advertising, social media, personal selling as well as visual merchandising (Peter and Donnelly 2013). The communication objective of the hotel operators is to attain growth by ensuring brand recognition Paliwoda et al. 2013). The communication is for ensuring recognition of the brand that can help in understanding as well as connecting with the brand image that is critical for long term loyalty of the customers as well as profits. In addition to this, the communication objective of promotional campaign is also to generate of purchase intent among consumer Paliwoda et al. 2013). The communication objectives in the promotional campaign include stimulation of trial use, convincing tourists to switch from other players in the market and to encourage existing tourists to purchase greater quantities. Again, the promotional campaign also has the communication objective of attainment of the growth in the sales. Gold Coast B n B that intends to attain growth by using promotional campaign that can build the base of the customers and collect greater revenue to cover up the costs of the business operations (Paliwoda et al. 2013). Analysis of the competition The perceptual mapping shows the competitive position of the hotel Gold Coast B n B among different competing players in the Gold Coast (Peter and Donnelly 2013). The diagram above shows that the Gold Coast B n B offers high quality services at comparatively lower price in comparison to other players in the market. Communication Channels for the promotional campaign As per the goals of the communication of the promotional campaign that includes brand awareness, generation of leads and sales, the channels for communication can be selected by the management of the hotel. The marketing channels that are also known as the media can act as the delivery vehicle for the intended message (Mattson 2012). The marketing management of the organization can select traditional media that includes the publications such as newspapers, journals as well as magazines, radio and tv, billboards, postal services, telephones as the channels for promotional campaign. In addition to this, the management of the Gold coast hotel can also use new channels of media that comprises of websites and blogs, social media, emails, digital apps in mobile among many others (Mattson 2012). Establishment of Key Performance Indicators (KI) that can be tracking the success of the campaign The marketing management division of the hotel Gold Coast B n B can build the KPI system for the purpose of evaluation of the performance of the job of different individual sections of the organization, objectives of the organization along with the overall performance management system of the hotel with special orientation to the promotional campaign. The KPIs need align with the strategy of the organization and need to provide answers to the important questions and thereby need to provide pertinent information regarding the efficacy of the operations of the business concern (Keegan 2012). The marketing managers of the organization can implement different types of KPIs in order to manage the performance of the promotional campaign aimed at improvement of the business operations of the company Gold Coast B n B. As rightly put forward by Keegan (2012)the types of KPIs that can manage the performance of the promotional campaign of the organization include the Process KPI, I[nput KPI, Output KPI, Leading KPI, Lagging KPI, Outcome KPI, Outcome KPI, Qualitative KPI and Quantitative KPI. ne Performance KPI (Categories) Examples Process KPI- Enumerates the efficiency of the processes involved in launching the campaign Days to present and launch the promotional campaign Input KPI- measures the assets as well as resources required to generate the requisite business results from the promotional campaign (Keegan 2012) Amount of dollars spent on the overall research and development, finances for training the employees of the hotel Outcome KPI-enumerates the results that can reflect the success as well as failure of the corporation after the conduction of the promotional campaign from the perspective of generated benefits. This type of KPI helps in the quantification of the overall performance of the promotional campaign (Hutt and Speh 2013) Percentage of customer retained, awareness of the customers regarding the brand (Hutt and Speh 2013) Output KPI- enumerates the financial as well as non-financial measures of different business actions involved in the promotional campaign Revenues earned, total number of new guests acquired by the hotel Qualitative KPI- helps in evaluation of the descriptive characteristics from the opinions, features, properties as well as traits (Hutt and Speh 2013) Satisfaction of the consumers through extensive survey that can generate qualitative report (Keegan 2012) Quantitative KPI- The quantitative KPIs are essentially measurable features that can enumerated by counting, calculation of percentages, averages and ratios among many others Quantitative data can be considered as the most measurable form of data and is the backbone of the key performance indicators Budget for the promotional campaign Conclusion The present segment helps in analysing the condition of the tourism industry in Australia especially Gold Coast in order to formulate a successful promotional campaign for the hotel Gold Coast B n B. The present study discloses different facts and reports that can help in the carrying out the promotional campaign for the hotel. Reports reveal that the domestic day trip visitation increased 1%, international visitation increased 7% along with the increase in the average length of stay by 1%. This shows that there are further opportunities for growth in this business that directs the management of the company to frame a promotional campaign that in turn can help the business to attain growth. The above study provides an overview of the organization along with the important features of the industry. The current study thereafter helps in gaining deep understanding regarding the business of the corporation, the significance of the promotional campaign and the most appropriate campaign tha t can support the objectives of the business. References Australian Hotels Association. 2016.Here's Cheers! - Australian Hotels Association. [online] Available at: https://aha.org.au [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Chernev, A. 2012.Strategic marketing management. [Chicago, Ill.]: Cerebellum Press. Clow, K. and Baack, D. 2012.Cases in marketing management. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au. 2016.Deloitte Access Economics - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Edb.gov.hk. 2016.Education Bureau | [online] Available at: https://www.edb.gov.hk [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Hutt, M. and Speh, T. 2013.Business marketing management. Australia: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Hutt, M. and Speh, T. 2014.Business marketing management B2B. Andover: Cengage Learning EMEA. Inkson, C. and Minnaert, L. 2012.Tourism management. Los Angeles: SAGE. Keegan, W. 2012.Global marketing management. Harlow: Pearson Education. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. 2012.Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Lib.dr.iastate.edu. 2016.Digital Repository @ Iowa State University | Iowa State University Research. [online] Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Mattson, E. 2012.Promotion and Marketing Communications. New Delhi: World Technologies. OrdoÃÅ' nÃÅ'Æ’ez de Pablos, P., Tennyson, R. and Zhao, J. 2012.Global hospitality and tourism management technologies. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. Page, S. 2012.Tourism management. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Paliwoda, S., Andrews, T. and Chen, J. 2013.Marketing Management in Asia. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Peter, J. and Donnelly, J. 2013.A preface to marketing management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Rosengren, S., DahleÃÅ' n, M. and Okazaki, S. 2013.Advances in advertising research. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. Song, H. 2012.Tourism supply chain management. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Teq.queensland.com. 2016. [online] Available at: https://teq.queensland.com/~/media/4398C4AC552A4CCCB171700E44A8B30C.ashx [Accessed 6 Sep. 2016]. Yanez, M. 2012.Types of Advertising. Delhi: White Word Publications.

Aviation Management Fastest Growing Sector

Question: How strategies outlined in the EU sustainable aviation policy is more attractive and competitive? Answer: Introduction According to Cini and Borragan (2016), the European Union is a political and economical group of 28 countries situated mostly in Europe, operating through a system of intergovernmental-negotiated decisions and supranational institutions by the member states. European Union sustainable aviation policy addresses current issues in the field of aviations like fostering the use of bio-fuels, improving aircraft fuel efficiency, minimizing environmental impact and reducing airframe and engine noise. The key terms like attractiveness, policy and competitiveness are elaborated by citing the policies of European Union. The aviation policy of European Union is linked with the attractiveness and competitiveness. Defining terms: Policy: According to Scarlat et al. (2015), the aviation sector is one of the fastest moving sectors globally. The sustainable aviation policy aims to address current issues of aviation like : expanding the use of bio-fuels, reducing environmental impact, raising the aircraft fuel efficiency and reducing aircraft and engine noise. This policy aims to reduce the global reduction of greenhouse by 70% (Richardson 2015), few of the policy recommendations of European Union are as follows: Evaluating the challenges posed by Aviation sector: The assessment by the European Environmental Agency of the challenge aviation possess to the challenge aviation possess to the climate change objectives and keeping in mind the 2020 to 2050 year frame. They have framed a long term objectives with a milestone for achieving the aviations emissions objectives by 2050 (Golinska and Hajdul 2012). Leveraging the post of EU presidency: The leveraging of the post of EU presidency calls on the EU to create a level playing field between aviation and other industries that are covered under Kyoto Protocol. This means coming to a neutral ground of reducing or offsetting aviation carbon di oxide emission to 8%, in line with the agreement. The EU should track the climate changes happening due to the airline departures not only of European Union flights but also of all the aggregate number of flights departing under the jurisdiction of EU. On the other hand, other organizations have viewed more radical views like the aviation sector should pay for much heftier fees to offset the emission made by the flights. In this scenario, the 8 % Kyoto EU target protocol is not only pragmatic, but also a thing of grave importance to mainstream the position of the aviation and deliver a level playing field for a wide of organizations (Scarlat et al. 2015). The political and technical perspective: The conventional system assumes that the airplane companies will be directly involved in emission trading; on the contrary on a different agreement airports under the jurisdiction of EU will purchase allowances in respect of carbon di oxide emissions from departed aeroplanes to an extent of agreed target. The EU airport emission charge varies according to the size and type of the engines and EU reserves the right to change the guidelines change anytime according to the convenience of EU. General supplement to EU airport charges, state that the airline has every benefit to reduce the emissions of harmful gases proportional to fuel burns and the airports can charge if they think that to be rational. Putting emphasis on social objectives: The social objectives is of prime importance to the EU sustainable development policy and the policy should be subject to social equity appraisal. Many tax proposals are channeled to the social development functions like poverty reduction or other social issues. Charging higher ticket prices to the airlines boarded by higher income groups and cutting don of noise pollution to a permissible level of 30 decibels. Attractiveness: According to Regan (2014), the implementation of EU Sustainable aviation policy had received a mixed reaction, one group of people cited this as a tough ruling where as other group took it as a welcoming change. Leading industrialists welcomed this, by emphasizing that this is a cost effective ways of delivering targets. European Union has initiated various guidelines and prepared a legislation to promote progress towards a Single European Sky and making an airport package to smoothen the progress of the field of aviation states. This policy, put focus on the digitalization in the form of use of drones, product customization and an integrated transport policy and the airlines and airports taking the help from this policy have developed an innovative business approaches to get hold of new sources of business, elevate operational efficiency and offer customized product services. It was found that a suboptimal performance level was achieved and a tradeoff is required to be built between political and legal issues in favor of the national interests. This policy has applied different charges based on the size of the engine and body, to cut off the emissions from the airplanes. This policy creates a playing field between aviation and mainstream sectors that are under the Kyoto agreement, thus helping in cutting the emission of harmful gases in the environment (Papageorgiou et al. 2015). Competitiveness: World economic forum has predicted that a fourth industrial revolution may come, courtesy the policies of the EU Sustainable development policies. Aviation helps in the trading of goods, services and socioeconomic development of nations and tourism and it is also important for the political peacekeeping, defense and humanitarian concerns. Countries situated in the remotest places of the earth can be assessable only by airlines and in other big countries the vast majority of the population depends on the population. Digitalisation is helping to change the way the airline system works, and the commission has embraced the positive effects of technology that can be implemented towards an integrated transport policy. The airlines and airports are applying new and developed innovative approaches to search for new sources of revenue, elevating operational efficiencies and applying techniques to limit the commoditization of the products and offering customized services.On th e other hand Richardson et al. (2015), stated that drones are posing a tricky challenge to the EU aviation policy and the use of drones requires several proliferations with regard to safety of air traffic, personal privacy, security and legislation of the certification and licensing to the name of the operators. Recently a concern has grew over the fact that the scarcity of the same playing field between mainstream sectors and aviation sectors, that are already covered by the Kyoto targets, was putting at risk the competitiveness of the mainstream sectors already covered by the Kyoto agreements. The EU finance ministers have promised to put money in modern public services and they came under elevted pressure to deal with an increasing government sector lending equipment. EU sustainable aviation policy: Aviation sector is one of the fastest growing sector in Europe and this sector creates a lot of environmental pollution. European Union has made sustainable aviation policy to cope up with the environmental pollution and has created sustainable policies so that the countries and the airlines operating out of European Union countries has to adhere to the policies made by EU so that the pollution level can be kept under check and the polluting airlines monetarily compensates EU so that this will act as a deterrent to the polluting airline companies. European Union gives social equity as prime importance in the Sustainable aviation policies and the social equity perspective gives importance to: a. Poverty reduction: European Union put much effort in delivering the development goals on reducing the poverty and thus implementing Franco-German aviation tax proposals. Franco-German aviation tax proposals internalizes the external cost of aviation and boost the Millenium development Goal funding. b. Spreading awareness: One of the important objective of Sustainable policy is to spread awareness about the environmental impact of aviation and give a clear picture of how the European aviation is performing. As a result, citizens,policy makers, politicians, industrialists and regulators have clarity on the workings of the aviation sector and they can make their decisions accordingly. Design and Technology: According to Weinhold (2013), sustainable policy aims in improving the levels of noise and emissions through improving the design and technology of the aerospace operating out of European Union and making a clear forecast on the emissions. This policy also provide insights into sustainable designs such as open rotor, and their environmental performance. d. Alternative Fuels: This policy gives importance to the use of alternative fuels, such as reducing CNG emissions in the coming decades and encouraging the use of bio-fuels. Market based measures: Market based measures are needed in meeting the emission targets of the aviation and mere operational and technological improvements are not considered enough. Market based measures to tackle the impact of Emission Trading System for intra- EU flights, and of emissions and noise charging schemes (Groeke 2013). Diagram 1 showing the total emissions as compared to sustainable level of emission (Source: Fan 2013) Apart from the above mentioned points, the sustainable policy also puts importance to the Research and Development, to improve the designing and technology of airlines which helps in cutting emissions. On the other hand Golinska and Hajdul (2012), stated that, in the aviation sector, the results of research take a long time to bear fruit and may lead to a situation of market failures and distortions. The Sustainability policy has made a road map for the upcoming 30 years and study has found that the existing policies will become obsolete in the upcoming years due to changes in the patterns of customer taste, increasing global pollutions and emission trading problems. In the longer term, the sustainable policy wants to cut the exhaustion of the greenhouse gases by 70% as compared to 1990. If the sustainable policy is properly implemented then it will have a positive impact on the environment and the objectives of the European Union will be satisfied, but the implementation is a tediou s task and to properly implement it, co-ordination of different parties like customers, industrialists, regulatory bodies and the government (Cini and Borragn 2016). Linking policy to attractiveness and competitiveness Mission: According to Wallace (2015), the Sustainable policy has a mission of reducing the harmful emissions from the aviation and increase the use of alternative fuels like biofuels and use of ethanol, instead of fuels that are currently being used. Increase in the spending on research and development to improve the design of turbines and engines of the airplanes to cut down the emissions level and reach a target of cutting down the greenhouse gases to a level of 70% as compared to pre- industrialization era of 1990 (Fan 2013). Aim: The aim of the sustainable policy is to manage the aviation sector and operate under the policies and guidelines of the policy. Objectives: Clearly defining the objectives of the policy help to put up the exact picture of the development and citizens, policy makers, regulatory bodies, politicians and industrialists have a clear understanding of the happenings in the aviation sector and they can take decisions accordingly. The objective of the sustainable policies is to cut off the harmful emissions by 70% as compared with the 1990 and spread awareness among the related groups through seminars, symposiums and prior notices (Scarlat 2015). Conclusion: It can be concluded from the above report that aviation sector is one of the fastest growing sector globally and at the same time it is the most polluting sector, responsible for the air and noise pollution. European Union has created a sustainable aviation policy to outline the strategies that are found to be beneficial to the environment and have a long term environmental impact. The motive of the European Union is to cut off the emission of the greenhouse gases by 70% compared with the 1990, but the sustainability policy of the European Union is difficult to achieve. European Union believes in making people aware about the environmental impact the airlines have, as a result of which the industrialists, citizens, politicians and policy makers are made aware of the environmental impact. It will take a long time until the goals and objectives of the European Union is achieved because of the vastness of the policy and difficulty of the implementation. References Cini, M. and Borragn, N.P.S., 2016.European union politics. Oxford University Press. Dessens, O., Anger, A., Barker, T. and Pyle, J., 2014. Effects of decarbonising international shipping and aviation on climate mitigation and air pollution.Environmental Science Policy,44, pp.1-10. Dirks, K., Shepherd, D., Welch, D. and McBRIDE, D., 2014, October. Aviation-related noise-induced annoyance and health-related quality of life. InINTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings(Vol. 249, No. 2, pp. 4967-4970). Institute of Noise Control Engineering. Fan, W., 2013. Aviation noise on the environmental impact analysis.Northern Environment,3. Golinska, P. and Hajdul, M., 2012. European Union Policy for Sustainable Transport System: Challenges and Limitations. InSustainable Transport(pp. 3-19). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Groeke, G., Klaudt, D., Lee, E. and Track, T., 2013. Inclusion of Aviation into the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme: Motivations, Economic and Legal Implications, and the Turbulent Journey Ahead, The.UC Dublin L. Rev.,13, p.1. Hansell, A.L., Blangiardo, M., Fortunato, L., Floud, S., de Hoogh, K., Fecht, D., Ghosh, R.E., Laszlo, H.E., Pearson, C., Beale, L. and Beevers, S., 2013. Aircraft noise and cardiovascular disease near Heathrow airport in London: small area study. Harrison, R.M., Masiol, M. and Vardoulakis, S., 2015. Civil aviation, air pollution and human health.Environmental Research Letters,10(4), p.041001. Papageorgiou, A., Skordoulis, M., Trichias, C., Georgakellos, D. and Koniordos, M., 2015. Emissions Trading Scheme: Evidence from the European Union Countries. InCreativity in Intelligent Technologies and Data Science(pp. 204-215). Springer International Publishing. Preston, H., Lee, D.S. and Hooper, P.D., 2012. The inclusion of the aviation sector within the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme: What are the prospects for a more sustainable aviation industry?.Environmental Development,2, pp.48-56. Regan, P., 2014. Open skies or closed airports? europe's dilemma for a sustainable aviation strategy.Journal of Management and Sustainability,4(2), p.106. Richardson, J. and Mazey, S. eds., 2015.European Union: power and policy-making. Routledge. Scarlat, N., Dallemand, J.F., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Banja, M. and Motola, V., 2015. Renewable energy policy framework and bioenergy contribution in the European UnionAn overview from National Renewable Energy Action Plans and Progress Reports.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,51, pp.969-985. Wallace, H., Pollack, M.A. and Young, A.R. eds., 2015.Policy-making in the European Union. Oxford University Press, USA. Weinhold, D., 2013. THE HAPPINESSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ REDUCING COSTS OF NOISE POLLUTION*.Journal of Regional Science,53(2), pp.292-303. Wolfe, P.J., Yim, S.H., Lee, G., Ashok, A., Barrett, S.R. and Waitz, I.A., 2014. Near-airport distribution of the environmental costs of aviation.Transport Policy,34, pp.102-108.

Throughout Many Of Shakespeares Plays, A Tragic Hero Is Identified; A

Throughout many of Shakespeare's plays, a tragic hero is identified; a heroic figure that possesses a character flaw that leads to his defeat. In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, there has been controversies over who is actually the tragic hero. Many people agree that Marcus Brutus is the tragic hero. However, others argue and identify Julius Caesar as the tragic hero. After examining these two characters, a conclusion is easily drawn. Brutus is the tragic hero of this play because when a person who possesses such heroic qualities dies, it is a true tragedy. The main reason that Marcus Brutus deserves the title of tragic hero is his noble personality. First of all, throughout the play, he never deceives anyone. Although he did murder Julius Caesar, it was for the good of Rome, not to deceive Caesar. Everything that he did was for the benefit of someone else. Even though he killed Antony's best friend, Antony still recognized Brutus as "the noblest Roman of them all." He does this in Act 5, Scene 5, after Brutus' death because Brutus the only conspirator that actually killed Caesar because he was not envious and he actually did care about the good of Rome. He cared more about others than he did himself. For instance, in the process of killing Caesar, he could have easily backed out because he knew he might have been punished, but he knew in the long run, that it would help the plebeians most. Another example of his selflessness is in Act 2, Scene 1. Brutus decides not to tell Portia his plans for the murder of Caesar. He feels she already has enough stress in her life and does not need to worry or deal with his plans. Brutus also frequently demonstrated many acts of affection toward others. In Act 1, Scene 2, he is reluctant to join Cassius's conspiracy because he did not want to betray Caesar. He had to weigh his choices and in Act 3, Scene 2, Brutus kills Caesar only because he is afraid of what will happen to Rome if Caesar remains ruler. He knew the commoners life would be difficult with the ruling of Caesar. He realizes what a honorable man Caesar was. This is shown again in the same Act and Scene when Brutus allows Mark Antony to speak at Caesar's funeral even though Cassius highly disagreed. Brutus realized Caesar deserved an proper ceremony, and that the best way to do that would be to let Caesar's best friend speak. Finally he shows his endearment for others in Act 5, Scene 5. This is the scene in which Brutus kills himself partly because Cassius, his best friend, died. All tragic heroes possess a character flaw that leads to their defeat. Brutus' tragic flaw was being naive. He thought that everything was good in the world, and that all men were honorable. He believed all that people told him and felt no one would lie or deceive him. Just because he did not betray anyone, he believed the world would return this act. This characteristic led him to his death. All that he trusted deceived him at one time or another during the play. He allows others, like Cassius and Antony to betray him. He is too trustful and does not realize what people are capable of doing to him after making them his friend. Due to this tragic flaw, a downfall of the character occurred soon after. The events that occurred because of Brutus' naiveness led to his downfall and death. His first mistake was in Act 2, Scene 1. This was when the fake letters are sent to him from the conspirators. This was all a lie, a trap, to get Brutus to join in on the conspirator for Cassius knew he could not do it without Brutus' support. Brutus believes these letters are from the people of Rome and agrees to the death of Caesar. Another example of this naiveness is in Act 3, Scene 2. Brutus decides to allow Antony to speak to show honor to Caesar. In the end, this decision ruins him. Antony riles the crowd into believing that the conspirators are all evil and they must get revenge.

What can the U.S. president do to help or hinder the economy and thus the well

What can the U.S. president do to help or hinder the economy and thus the well Macroeconomics concerns the understanding of economic factors that result to fluctuations of national income in the short-run and in the long run. There the field involves an aggregation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), price indices and unemployment levels in the country.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on What can the U.S. president do to help or hinder the economy and thus the well-being? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since macroeconomics has the national income as its basis, the government plays a key role in providing an enabling or disabling environment for other sectors of the economy. The president who appoints a qualified and loyal team to help run it leads government. They include treasury and departmental heads of various government institutions. The government affects business cycles that alter the national income in two ways, by fiscal policy and monetary policy. The president of the United States p lays an important role in formulating the government’s strategy of fiscal policy, which is the main source of government revenue and impacts directly to the aggregate demand in the economy. The government uses fiscal policy to direct spending in a certain sector of the economy. For example, reducing taxes charged on certain products will theoretically result to an increased consumption of the product, all other factors remaining constant. While the tax policy affects the level of demand, government may also alter the focus on spending in the economy and how resources are allocated. In order to reduce the unemployment rates in the economy, the president may direct his government to take actions that lead to a reduction on capital expenditures in favor of labor-intensive investments. This achievable using tax rebates for economic sectors and corporations employ a large number of workers in the economy such as the Detroit motor industry. The U.S. government spends money it colle cts from the economy by financing several national and regional sectors such as public education, healthcare, infrastructure development and security. The amount of spending for a given in the specific sector of the economy depends on the directive of the president as the leader of government.Advertising Looking for term paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Massive spending on infrastructure inspires innovation in the private sectors as introduces costs of doing business and increases the competitiveness of the given sector. On the other hand, an increased military spending at the expense of other development sectors of the economy drains aggregate demand in the economy and leads to a stagnation of most industry that may even cause a recession on the overall economy. Other than taxes, the state will obtain funds from deficit financing and this impact on the available money in the economy that is left to finance other development and trade of the private sector. When deficit financing is through borrowing from bonds and treasury-bills then it serves as a withdrawal of funds from other uses in the economy to finance government spending. When the withdrawal is excess, it leads to a decreased supply of money in the economy and therefore the price equilibrium of the cost of credit shifts upwards. It becomes increasingly expensive to obtain credit that forms the lifeline of business transactions. The president leads the government intention of providing a robust environment for the private sector to thrive and as a result increase the national income. Monetary policy of the government determines the rate of money supply in the economy. The president will seek to increase the supply of money in the economy is in a recession to prompt businesses to expand and thus reduce the levels of unemployment. The money supply in the economy may be increased by lowering interest rates. This mandate is given to the federal reserve bank that works in close relationship with the state headed by the president.

UK EDUCATION SYSTEM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UK EDUCATION SYSTEM - Essay Example In the UK, all the public schools are possessed and sponsored by the central regime and partially by the local governments. There are Local Education Authorities that are mandated to oversee the learning in the state school. This is contrary to the American system. The school systems differ from one state to another. Each state is responsible for funding the public schools and controlling their programs. The federal government has little interference with the way states run their education system. In UK, students are always in uniforms; something that is rarely observed in the US (Shapiro, 2005, p. 4). The UK parents have to vote if their children will wear uniforms to school or not. Most of the state primary schools require their students to put on uniforms contrary to the American public schools. Similarity between the two systems is also observed in some sections. For instance, both have divided their year into three terms. Similarly, both start their year around September and end it between June and July. In the American education system, a child of 6 years I legible to join the elementary school (Rugg, 2010, p. 5). This is similar with the British system where a 6-year-old will join the infants section of the primary education. The basic structure of the two education systems differs but a thorough analysis reveals a little similarity. For instance, the UK has primary education, followed by secondary education and finally college or university for higher learning. This is different when it comes to America. One enters the elementary school, then the junior high school, then senior high school before proceeding to college or university for higher education (Rugg, 2010, p. 12). Another similarity is observed in the pre-school education. In both countries, nursery and kindergarten have not been properly addressed. In the UK, nursery education is provided by private schools, which many parents find expensive to afford. There is not set

Prions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Prions - Essay Example Clinical signs among others include personality changes, psychiatric problems, lack of coordination, steady gait, involuntary jerking movements, unusual sensations, insomnia, confusion and severe mental impairment in the later stages. Those known to infect other vertebrate animals include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cows, chronic wasting disease in American elk and deer, transmissible mink encephalopathy in mink and feline spongiform encephalopathy in cats (Jeffrey, Goodbrand & Goodsir 1995). One of the primary risk factors identified in relation to prion diseases is age. Studies suggest that a general mechanism might produce the remarkable reduction in disease risk as age increases. For example, in a study of scrapie outbreaks, it is observed that incidence of clinical cases peaked in sheep with age ranging from 2 to 3 years. The same age range has been noted in cattle with mad cow and deer with chronic wasting disease (Heisey 2004). In terms of its prevalence in the human population, it is estimated that 1 in 10,000 people are infected with CJD at the time of death. The actual prevalence of prion diseases are very difficult to ascertain due to overlapping symptoms that may lead to misdiagnosis. (Heaphy 2003) Research pertaining Research pertaining to prion diseases is deemed limited by the fact that studying them is substantially hampered by the unconventional properties of the presumed etiologic agent. Moreover, the long incubation period ranging from 34 to 41 years ("Mad cow could be dormant in people" 2006) of the diseases make them more difficult to detect. Moreover, the standard laboratory methods utilized for studying viruses and bacteria may not be applicable in this case (Belay & Telling). However, following reports of the outbreak of BSE, commonly termed as "mad cow" disease, in many European countries coupled with the estimated economic and medical implications of the said epidemic, the scope and nature of research on prion diseases has developed rapidly. This paper focuses on the current advancements in the study of prion diseases specifically in terms of modes of transmission, diagnosis methods, possible treatment and prevention. Modes of Transmission The manner of transmission of prion diseases is of primary concern in view of the protein nature of the prions. Note that unlike other types of infectious diseases which are spread by microbes, prion diseases are caused by misshaped protein, dubbed as prion protein, which transmits the disease between individuals causing brain deterioration (Belkin 2003). Based on recent studies, prion diseases have been considered unique as these can be inherited, sporadically occur or spread through infection. Majority of the prion disease cases are said to occur spontaneously, hence, animals with no prion protein mutation were observed infected. (Collinge 2001) On the other hand, inherited prion disease occurs in animals carrying a rare mutant prion allele. The disease is transmitted when healthy animal consume tainted tissues of other infected animals. The "mad cow" epidemic has been attributed to this mode of transmission as practice of feeding the cattle with processed remains of other cattle, which may have been infected already, became common. (Weissmann 2004) In humans, as in the cases of CJD, the

Race and the Mass Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Race and the Mass Media - Essay Example In this paper, we will discuss the impact of mass media on improving or weakening the relationships between the people belonging to different races. It is not difficult to identify how mass media can weaken and marginalize a particular ethnic group which is outlined in the article titled ‘Revealed: How UK media fuelled race prejudice’. Rather it is more of a challenge to understand the concepts of race, marginalization, racial prejudice, and institutional racism. These concepts along with the Antonio Gramsci's concept of hegemony and Stuart Hall literature provide us with an in-depth understanding of why racial discrimination is happening in the United Kingdom and in all western countries including Australia. Once we understand the concepts of race and hegemony, we will become able to truly identify what responsibilities media holds in improving race relations. In this paper, we will discuss the impact of mass media on improving or weakening the relationships between the people belonging to different races.... Another critical issue which is affecting the rights of minorities living in any specific part of world is racial prejudice. Racial prejudice occurs when one specific race is given more powers and attention as compared to other races or ethnics minorities. The concept of racial prejudice stems from the issue of unequal distribution of powers among the people living in a country. Power is one of such elements of a society which give rise to severe problems for the society if handled improperly. When one race is given all powers, racial prejudice occurs which takes away the peace of the society along with the rights of minorities. Institutional racism is another concept related to the overall concept of race. Institutional racism occurs when institutional powers are given to the people belonging to one specific race. Social caste system based on the differences between people leads to institutional racism. â€Å"Institutional racism results from the social caste system that sustained, and was sustained by, slavery and racial segregation† (Head n.d.). 3. Concept of Hegemony The basic concept of hegemony is that it is not just the force or power which drives a man rather ideas also play a considerable role in this regard. Trubshaw (2004) states, â€Å"Hegemony can be established either by coercion or more subtly by what are usually termed 'consensual' processes† Antonio Gramsci's concept of hegemony was that one social class dominates other classes. He believed that the dominant class not only controls the society politically and economically but also makes other classes perceive the world as the dominant class perceives it.

Apple Competitive Advantage Case Study

Apple Competitive Advantage Case Study A competitive advantage is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value, either by means of lower prices or by providing greater benefits and service that justifies higher prices(Porter 1980:26 ). In this case, Apple Inc has a net advantageÂÂ  over its competitors such as Blackberry, Google Android, Palm pre and HTC.ÂÂ  Their success lies in its competitive advantages includingÂÂ  the firmsÂÂ  cost structure, product offerings and customer service. Furthermore, Apple are able to differentiate themselves from its competitors and have been able to gain successful customer satisfaction, in the same way they can charged a premium price. But using its competitive advantage does not mean that the company should ignore other competitors, simply because the trend of technology continuously keeps progressing with new products and innovations. Product differentiation Apple products are significantly costly, they targeted a certain segment of the market by producing high quality products which are potentially durable and unique for example the iPhone range and newly launched iPad in 2010. Businessweek investigated that apple are planning to cut the price of their computers considerably low and far more affordable to all individuals, the iMac and MacBook laptops were designed for the purpose of multimedia, most media companies uses the apple products to run their businesses as apple provide loads of incentives from its software Mac OSX. Aggressive competitions from Microsoft with windows 7 multi-media may have lead Apple to reduce their prices to gain market-share. (Businessweek.com, 2010) Core Competencies and Growth Strategy Apple`s customer orientation is to introduce the iPhone series and recently the iPad. Both devices are made at high specifications, enabling users and businesses to access their data easily and efficiently. It was reported that these high tech devices were faster than any others products in the market. The products are unique at this stage as Apple are reputably known as innovators (Macworld.com, 2010). Following this trend, Apple company structure has always been an example. They are often known as re-designing or re-structuring their organisation for instance hiring new employees of high competencies such Mark Papermaster from the IBM Company who joined Apple in 2009 (Networkworld.com, 2010). Apple value chain has also been analyzed as effective, Crompton (2010) retrieved that Apple has reworked their value chain to create manufacturing, which improved the quality of its product in the end of the 1990`s. Their production plants are outsourced from china in which they have exclusive relationship with suppliers and chip-set manufacturing companies such as Foxconn Limited from China (Businessweek.com, 2010). Apple marketing strategy is planned on a geographical segmentation; in the UK for example they have subsequently sub-contracted their products to network providers such as O2, Vodaphone, Orange and Three networks. These telecommunication mobile providers offer amazing discounts on pay as you go and sometimes delivering free iPhones to customers with a contract on a pay monthly basis. Secondly Apple has a massive advertising campaign on private TV Cable and Newspapers (The Guardian UK, 2010). On the other hand, Apple`s activity and main core competencies comes with its RD. According to Datamonitor (2010) the company believed an investment in RD (Research and Development) should keep them at competitive advantage within the industry (Datamonitor, 2010). In brief, in order to maintain and acquire its position in the market, the Apple Company has developed its o nline support in delivering updates in its software applications also known as (Appstore) accessible via iTunes for example updates on its operating systems and useful applications to home users and businesses. (Datamonitor, 2010) Growth Matrix Steve Jobs commented recently on the launch of the iPhone 4 and quoted It was a phenomenal quarter that exceeded our expectations all around, including the most successful product launch in Apples history with iPhone 4. The iPad progressed slowly onto the market with more people buying Machinstosh than ever before, and amazing new products still to come this year (Apple.com/investor, 2010). With such confidence, the company has reassured their position into the market, their new device iPad which has made remarkable total sales of $3.27 million (Apple.com/investor, 2010). Accordingly the iPad would fit clearly as star product in the BCG matrix for the moment as it is hard to imitate. On the other hand the iPhone4 launched in the beginning of 2010 has also made considerable sales on its launch with a figure of 1.7millions units sold worldwide on the 26th June 2010 according to Reuters (2010). Despite of its high sales, the iPhone4 could be positioned as being a question mark product i n the BCG matrix because after the launch of the product in June 2010, some complaints were perceived from customers and professional technicians stating that the product is built as faulty; that is a lack of reception for incoming and outgoing calls which could result a decline in sales worldwide in which buyers will have the tendency to look for other alternative Smartphones such as Google Android or Palm Pre. To compensate its customers, Steve Jobs the CEO has proclaimed that he will be giving free cases to all Iphone4 owners (FT.com, 2010). Some Apple products have been discontinued such as iBook G3 which can be classified as Dogs in the BCG matrix, the product has came to an end in 2006 (Apple.com/support, 2010). Other products called such as the iPod classic music player can be positioned as a cash cow under the BCG matrix as they are known as mature in the market, the iPods series have been released in 2005 and has now a slow growth in the market due to competition from other companies such as Sony producing Mp3 players and Microsoft with its Zune Mp3 Players (Apple.com/hotnews, 2007). Apple has emphasized on product diversification from its iPod classic to iPod Touch which relatively stands within its market share for the time being.

General Muhammed Zia-ul-haq - Pakistan History :: essays research papers

Q. Discuss in detail the Islamization programme of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq as the president of Pakistan. A. Islamization Programme of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq: - Background: - General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq proclaimed Martial Law in 1977 and assumed the office of the President of the country. The then government had to issue several martial law regulations to effectively control the aggravating situation in the country. There is one strong opinion which has effectively prevailed over the years and that is hat the process of Islamization, in fact, began the day the Qadianis were declared as non-Muslims on their negation of the finality of Prophethood in 1974. The opinion seems to carry some weight as the action of the Government of Mr. Z.A. Bhutto, declaring the Qadianis as non-Muslims, was understood as a step to have been taken for the safeguard of the basic tenents of Islam. However, it was the martial law regime under General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq which took practical steps for the process of Islamization. The Islamization Programme: - The Islamization programme of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq contained the following steps. 1. Hadood Ordinance. 2. Qazaf Ordinance. 3. Nizaam-e-Salaat Committees. 4. Zakat Ordinance. 5. Ushr Ordinance. (a). Central Zakat Council. (b). Provincial Zakat Council. (c). District Zakat Committee. (d). Tehsil Zakat Committee. 6. Establishment of Federal Shariat Court. 7. Interest Free Banking. 8. Compulsory teaching of Pakistan Studies and Islamiat. 9. Ordinance for the sanctity of Ramzan-ul-Mubarak. 10. Ban of Nudity. 11. Arabic News. 12. Use of Dopatta. 13.Majlis-e-Shoora. in contravention to this Ordinance was liable to three yeas imprisonment and a fine of RS. 500/-. However, hospitals, railway stations, seaports, bus stands, trains and airports were exempted from this Ordinance. The Government in order to make Pakistan a real Islamic State strived hard to introduce Islamic System in the country. The Government for this reason needed staunch support and cooperation from the masses. Pakistan at that time was passing through the transitory stage towards the ultimate goal of achieving an Islamic society. A very long span was required to mould Pakistan into an Islamic State. 10. Ban of Nudity: - The Government imposed a strict ban on the display of nude posters particularly on portraying women as publicity symbols. Display of nude scenes and moving films with nudity were also banned ob the television. 11. Arabic News: - Everyday, five minutes were reserved for Arabic news on the television.

Whose Fault Is It Anyway?

Whose responsibility is it to ensure the obesity epidemic is reversed? Schools, Parents, Government, Community and/or the media. What can be done? Discuss using examples from the article and any other information you can bring to the discussion. Everyone should play a major part in ensuring the obesity epidemic is reversed. Parents play the most vital role in this. As a parent it is your job to make sure to bring up your children correctly this doesn’t mean just giving them an academic education it involves making sure they are healthy, getting regular exercise and have an understanding of nutrition.Parents are the key to start the ball rolling in maintaining healthy dietary habits for their children, if this isn’t done correctly by the parents their children will most probably end up being overweight as teenagers, ‘long term consequence of childhood obesity is its persistence into adulthood, Once a child is overweight or obese it is unlikely that they will sponta neously revert to a healthy weight, predisposing them to the health concerns’(World Health Organization 2000, Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, WHO Technical Report Series 894).Parents need to understand that they are the role models for their children; if they do not eat correctly and do not exercise their children are most likely to follow in their footsteps. A survey done in 2007-2008 on the obesity epidemic in Australia the results were that in ‘2007-08, 61. 4% of the Australian adult population were either overweight or obese, and 24. 9% of children aged between 5-17 were overweight or obese’ (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008, National Health Survey 2007-08, Cat 4364. ). Kids need to have a more active lifestyle, the issue is now days kids entertain themselves with technology such as computers, television and the Xbox. Parents need to spend time encouraging their children to be more physically active, by doing this they also need to b ecome more physically active. Simple things such as taking their children for a bike ride, taking them to the park, playing a game of sport with them.They need to put more focus on encouraging their children to be outdoors. Every little bit of physical activity will make a difference to the child’s wellbeing. Schools, The Government, The Community and the media can all make a difference in making sure the obesity epidemic is reversed. Schools can make sure their students get a minimum of 30 minutes daily exercise, they can help educate the children on nutrition and correct dietary habits and can provide healthy ptions in their canteens, ‘Only a quarter of Australian high school students eat the recommended four or more vegetables a day’ (Canberra times article- Battle of the bulge, Peter Jean). Media at the moment shows fast-food advertisements at least 4 times during an add brake. Children who are sitting on a couch watching TV are being brain washed by fast-foo d commercials, there for only wanting to eat fast-food such as MacDonald’s. The Government can control the media and controls the schools. They can make changes to the schooling curriculum to add more daily exercise.They can put a stop to the excessive fast-food advertisements that fly across our TV screens. As a community we all play a vital role in making sure children are healthy, this involves weekend sports, and community run sporting activities for young children and even adults. But this will change nothing in reversing the obesity epidemic if parents don’t start to take responsibility for their children and start by giving them the correct dietary needs and regular fitness to kick start their healthy life style.

M26 Pershing Tank in World War II

M26 Pershing Tank in World War II The M26 Pershing was a heavy tank developed for the U.S. Army during World War II. Conceived as a replacement for the iconic M4 Sherman, the M26 suffered from an extended design and development process as well as political infighting among the U.S. Armys leadership. The M26 arrived in the final months of the conflict and proved effective against the latest German tanks. Retained after the war, it was upgraded and evolved. Deployed during the Korean War, the M26 proved superior to the tanks used by Communist forces but struggled at times with the difficult terrain and suffered from various issues with its systems. The M26 was later replaced by the Patton series of tank in the U.S. Army. Development Development of the M26 began in 1942 as production was beginning on the M4 Sherman medium tank. Initially intended to be a follow-on for the M4, the project was designated T20 and was to serve as a test bed for experimenting with new types of guns, suspensions, and transmissions. T20 series prototypes employed a new torqmatic transmission, the Ford GAN V-8 engine, and the new 76 mm M1A1 gun. As testing moved forward, problems emerged with the new transmission system and a parallel program was established, designated T22, which utilized the same mechanical transmission as the M4. A third program, the T23, was also created to test a new electric transmission which had been developed by General Electric. This system quickly proved to have performance advantages in rough terrain as it could adjust to rapid changes in torque requirements. Pleased with the new transmission, the Ordnance Department pushed the design forward. Possessing a cast turret mounting the 76 mm gun, the T23 was produced in limited numbers during 1943, but did not see combat. Instead, its legacy proved to be its turret which was later utilized in 76 mm gun-equipped Shermans. Panther Tank. Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-300-1876-02A A New Heavy Tank With the emergence of the new German Panther and Tiger tanks, efforts began within the Ordnance Department to develop a heavier tank to compete with them. This resulted in the T25 and T26 series which built upon the earlier T23. Devised in 1943, the T26 saw the addition of a 90 mm gun and substantially heavier armor. Though these greatly increased the tanks weight, the engine was not upgraded and the vehicle proved underpowered. Despite this, the Ordnance Department was pleased with the new tank and worked to move it towards production. The first production model, T26E3, possessed a cast turret mounting a 90 mm gun and required a crew of four. Powered by the Ford GAF V-8, it utilized a torsion bar suspension and torqmatic transmission. Construction of the hull consisted of a combination of castings and rolled plate. Entering service, the tank was designated M26 Pershing heavy tank. The name was selected to honor General John J. Pershing who had founded the U.S. Armys Tank Corps during World War I. M26 Pershing DimensionsLength: 28 ft. 4.5 in.Width: 11 ft. 6 in.Height: 9 ft. 1.5 in.Weight: 41.7 tonsArmor ArmamentPrimary Gun: M3 90 mmSecondary Armament: 2 Ãâ€" Browning .30-06 cal. machine guns, 1 Ãâ€" Browning .50 cal. machine gunArmor: 1-4.33 in.PerformanceEngine: Ford GAF, 8-cylinder, 450–500 hpSpeed: 25 mphRange: 100 milesSuspension: Torsion BarCrew: 5 Production Delays As design of the M26 came to completion, its production was delayed by an ongoing debate in the U.S. Army regarding the need for a heavy tank. While Lieutenant General Jacob Devers, the head of U.S. Army forces in Europe advocated for the new tank, he was opposed by Lieutenant General Lesley McNair, commander Army Ground Forces. This was further complicated by Armored Commands desire to press on the M4 and concerns that a heavy tank would not be able to use the Army Corps of Engineers bridges. With the backing of General George Marshall, the project remained alive and production moved forward in November 1944. While some claim that Lieutenant General George S. Patton played a key role in delaying the M26, these assertions are not well supported. Ten M26s were built in November 1943, with production escalating at the Fisher Tank Arsenal. Production also commenced at the Detroit Tank Arsenal in March 1945. By the end of 1945, over 2,000 M26s had been built. In January 1945, experiments began on the Super Pershing which mounted the improved T15E1 90mm gun. This variant was only produced in small numbers. Another variant was the M45 close support vehicle which mounted a 105 mm howitzer. An M26 Pershing of A Company, 14th Tank Battalion, is transported aboard a pontoon ferry across the Rhine on March 12, 1945. National Archives and Records Administration World War II Following American losses to German tanks in the Battle of the Bulge the need for the M26 became clear. The first shipment of twenty Pershings arrived in Antwerp in January 1945. These were split between the 3rd and 9th Armored Divisions and were the first of 310 M26s to reach Europe before the end of the war. Of these, around 20 saw combat. The M26s first action occurred with the 3rd Armored on February 25 near the Roer River. Four M26s were also involved in the 9th Armoreds capture of the Bridge at Remagen on March 7-8. In encounters with Tigers and Panthers, the M26 performed well. In the Pacific, a shipment of twelve M26s departed on May 31 for use in the Battle of Okinawa. Due to a variety of delays, they did not arrive until after the fighting had ended. Korea Retained after the war, the M26 was re-designated as a medium tank. Assessing the M26, it was decided to rectify the issues of its under-powered engine and problematic transmission. Beginning in January 1948, 800 M26s received new Continental AV1790-3 engines and Allison CD-850-1 cross-drive transmissions. Along with a new gun and host of other modifications, these altered M26s were redesignated as the M46 Patton. USMC M26 Pershing tank advancing in Korea, September 4, 1950. National Archives and Records Administration With the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, the first medium tanks to reach Korea were a provisional platoon of M26s dispatched from Japan. Additional M26s reached the peninsula later that year where they fought alongside M4s and M46s. Though performing well in combat, the M26 was withdrawn from Korea in 1951 due to reliability issues associated with its systems. The type was retained by U.S. forces in Europe until the arrival of new M47 Pattons in 1952-1953. As the Pershing was phased out of American service, it was provided to NATO allies such as Belgium, France, and Italy. The Italians used the type until 1963.

Lena Horne essays

Lena Horne essays Lena Horne was born on June 30, 1917 in Brooklyn, New York. Her parents were Teddy and Edna Scottron Horne. After her father left her at the age of two in order to pursue his gambling career; her mother leaving soon after that to pursue her acting career; she went to live with her grandparents. Through her grandparents influence she became involved with organizations like the NAACP, at an early age. In 1924 she went back to live with her mother, traveling and being schooled all over the state until she was fourteen. At the age of fourteen she decided to drop out of school and go to work. Because she was talented and light skinned it was not hard for her to find a job. She became a chorus girl in Harlems Cotton Club where blacks entertained a strictly all white crowd. At that time she was making about $25 a week. It was here that Lena got to meet and observe now famous artists such as Duke Ellington, Cab Calloway, Count Basie, Ethal Waters, and Billie Holiday. At the age of nineteen she met and married Louis Jones. Together they had two children Gail and Teddy (who later died in 1970 from kidney failure). While trying to get used to raising a family and having a career, she received a call from an agent, who had seen her at the Cotton Club, about a part in a movie. Her controlling husband allowed her to be in The Duke is Tops and also the musical revue Blackbirds of 1939." When she finally got up the courage to leave Louis, he deiced to take her son away from her. She lost custody of Teddy when the divorce was final and has always regretted not fighting harder for her son. After her divorce she began singing with Noble Sissies Society Orchestra. Through out their tour she had to endure harsh racism having to sleep in tenement boarding houses, the bus and even once in circus grounds. Soon after that, she toured with Charlie Barnets Outfit and became the first Afri...

Documentary Critiques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Documentary Critiques - Essay Example These three boys and the other children on the top of the freight train, tell Rebecca Cammisa about their life in their hometown and the things they have experienced (Kung). The location of the documentary is Central American and America, where the journey is taking place, to the U.S. border. The freight train on which the children are travelling is known as â€Å"la bestia†, which means the beast. It is known as â€Å"la bestia† because many children have lost their lives travelling on a freight train, and many have lost their lives residing in the desert, with no food and water. The documentary is all about the hardships faced by the children and how they reach the U.S. border; it has been produced and the directed by Rebecca Cammisa; the executive producers include Lianne Halfon, John Malkovich, Russell Smith, Jack Turner, Bristol Baughan and Better Cerf Hill. The production company of this documentary is Mr. Mudd and it was distributed by HBO Films; the documentary was made in 2006 but release in 2009. The documentary holds significance because immigration is an issue, which has been seen from different perspectives, like how illegal immigrants impact the security and economy of the USA. This documentary looks at immigration in a different way, as it tells about the difficult conditions through which children emigrate from Mexico to the USA; some of these children are sent by their parents, because they can no longer feed or support their children in any way. Most of the children run away from home, looking for a better life in the USA, because no one cares about them at home and they have to bear different types of abuse. Mexico is a place where drug dealing and violence is quite common, and these children have a dream to go to the USA and find peace and a better lifestyle, where they won’t be at the hands of criminal predators. The mode or approach used in the documentary is

Tracing the development of painting Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tracing the development of painting - Term Paper Example The essay "Tracing the development of painting" discovers the development of painting. The chronological discussion of painting styles proves the difference in visual characteristics but with a number of similarities and are related to each other in some way or other. This painting style was originated around 1600s and influenced the following centuries. Besides, this form of painting style is rich and deep in color, and the intense usage of light and shadow. The exponents of Baroque style made use of the most exact moment or the dramatic point of events arouse emotionality in the minds of viewers. One of the best examples for Baroque as a painting style is The Deposition by Caravaggio. Neoclassicism dominated the European art from 18th century to 19th century. Neoclassicism was basically a reaction against Rococo style in European Art. As a painting style, Neoclassicism gave due importance to Roman and Greek art. Its influence is not limited to the sphere of painting, but it extends to other forms of art like literature and architecture. One of the best examples for Neoclassicism as a painting style is The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David. Realism originated in Europe, especially in France, in 1850s. Besides, it was a movement against Romanticism. Realism was totally against the emotionalism projected by Romanticism, and was in favor of the ideology of Objective Realism. So, truth and accuracy were the fundamental principles of Realism in painting. In short, realism gave due importance.... Impressionism: Impressionism originated in Paris, as an Art movement in 19th century. The name Impressionism is originated from Claude Monet’s art work, namely ‘Impression, Sunrise’. The usage of thin brushstrokes, perfect lighting, usage of ordinary subjects, and strange visual angles are some of its main characteristics. One of the best examples for Impressionism is The Abduction of Egypt by Shwidkiy Andrey (see appendix -4). Post-Impressionism: Post-Impressionism was developed in France during 1880s. Roger Fry, the renowned British Art critic was behind the creation of the term Post-Impressionism. Post-Impressionism was an extension of Impressionism, but rejected the limitations of Impressionism. The exponents of Post-Impressionism gave more importance to geometric forms. The usage of unnatural color in paintings is one of the most important features of Post-Impressionism. One of the best examples for Post-Impressionism is Sunflowers by Vincent van Gogh (See ap pendix – 5). Cubism: Cubism transformed the scenario of painting in Europe and deeply influenced other forms of art like sculpture and music. The basic element of Cubism is to break down the object, analyze it, and to re- assemble the same. This helps the painter to present the art work with difference in subject matter. The usage of random angles is the most important aspect of cubism. One of the best examples for Cubism is Guernica by Pablo Picasso (see appendix-7). Geometric abstraction: Geometric abstraction is based on abstract art. Besides, it is based on non-objective and two dimensional models. It rejects exaggeration and illusionistic modes of painting and makes use of canvas as

Logistics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Logistics - Term Paper Example Therefore, it should be always preserved in efficient working condition, failing which there will be unnecessary wastage of time and it may entail stoppage production when there may be high demand for products Thus, in sense equipment is vital in the profitability of a business. Low or poor working conditions of equipment can also can cause the quality related issues, so it is highly significant to provide a proper and a periodic maintenance to operating equipments. The cost is also an important constraint to be considered in the maintenance of the same. An incorporated approach is taken to analyse the cost involved in the maintainance, the proper action should be taken to utilise the cost economically. In the competitive world of business each company tries its level best to be number one in the industry and the business is much concerned in meeting the current trends in the market. In order to be successful and competent maintenance planning is essential. Planning is the stage wher e a company decides which equipment is to be maintained and which obsolete ones are to be discarded. Maintenance falls into two categories: preventive maintenance and breakdown maintenance. Preventive maintenance is the assessment and examination process at regular intervals and breakdown maintenance is the mending and thinking done when the equipment is not in working condition. The maintenance planning primarily concerns two aspects relating to equipment such temporary breakdown or its becoming obsolete. Proper planning of equipment maintenance has a significant role in the output of a production or a service unit as a primary resource for such organizations is the equipment. Thus, any compromise done in this regards will impede the basic functioning of the organization, entailing hefty losses. Life Cycle Cost: Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) is an effective method to measure an economic assessment of equipment. The cost being utilized for the equipments are to be channelled economically. L CC takes into account the total savings, IRR and the payback period etc while considering the maintenance and repair of equipment. LCC can also be perceived as an efficient tool for making a choice within a competing environment, useful in comparison of the costs of competiting projects, decreasing the total cost, taking appropriate decisions, excellent planning and budgetary decisions. â€Å"LCC analysis is required to demonstrate that operational savings are sufficient to justify the investment costs.LCC helps change provincial perspectives for business issues with emphasis on enhancing economic competitiveness by working for the lowest long term cost of ownership which is not an easy answer to obtain† (Barringer, 2003, p.2). Reliability: Reliability refers to the quality of measurement and in a daily routine, reliability is the "constancy" of various measures. The organisation should be reliable in Besides, only such reliable organization every aspects of its operation to achieve profitability can service in a competitive market place. â€Å"Three important statements summarize for the organizations success are: 1) Reliability must be designed into products and processes using the best available science-based methods. 2) Knowing how to

Prison Violence Essay Example for Free

Prison Violence Essay Incarceration rates rose to unprecedented levels in the history of the U.S.’s imprisonment. Therefore, concern about social control of the incarcerated, that is, prisoners’ behavior, has increased. High inmate disciplinary infractions, especially violent infractions, are a threat to the safety of prison, of correctional staff, and of other inmates. Nevertheless, the issue of discipline in prison is important from an economic perspective, because an estimated average cost per infraction at a medium security prison is $970 (Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). For these reasons, Jiang Fisher- Giorlando conducted a research to help explain violent incidents, incidents against correctional staff and incidents against other inmates in prison. Identifying the risk factors of inmates to commit violent acts of misconduct is of great importance to prison administration. This type of research can assist in the classification process of inmates entering institutions as well as the ongoing classification adjustments of inmates already in custody. This study will identify and investigate factors for violent institutional misconduct. These factors include; however, are not limited to race, age, education and employment, family ties, length of sentence, security level, prison environment and gender. The hypotheses of this study are: 1. Violent prison misconduct is more prevalent among African-American and Hispanic inmates than Caucasians or any other ethnic group. 2. Inmates who are residing in maximum-security facilities are more violent than inmates residing in medium or minimum-security facilities, especially towards correctional staff. Literature Review Race Several studies were conducted to examine the role of race in inmate adjustment process and prison misconduct, especially prison violence. There were indications that there is a direct relationship between race and violent prison misconduct. Those findings support theories such as prison adjustment and subculture of violence, which say that minority groups have higher rates of violence in prison society than white inmates (DeLisi et al., 2004; Griffin Hepburn, 2006; Gillespie, W., 2005; Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002; Steiner Wooldredge, 2009). According to Wayne Gillespie (2005), Caucasian inmates appear less likely to engage in most types of misconduct compared to African American and Hispanic inmates. Blacks are more likely than Whites to evoke protective violent responses to perceived dangerous situations or threats of physical injury by aggressive, violent behavior aimed at protecting self or preventing retaliation (Gillespie, W., 2005). Age Age and prison violence had an inverse relationship. The older inmates were, the less likely they were to be involved in violent prison misconduct. Younger inmates were significantly more likely to be involved in violent prison misconduct. This relationship was widespread throughout all the studies (Cunningham Sorensen, 2007; DeLisi et al., 2004; Griffin Hepburn, 2006; Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2005; Ruddell et al., 2006; Sorensen Cunningham, 2008). Education and Employment Research shows an inverse relationship between level of education and rates of prison misconduct. As level of education increased, involvement in violent prison misconduct decreased (Cunningham Sorensen, 2007; DeLisi et al., 2004; Wooldredge et al., 2001). As stated by Wooldredge, Griffin, and Pratt (2001), inmates who were employed prior to incarceration were less likely to be involved in violent prison misconduct. This group was more invested in conforming because they had more to lose. Inmates who worked prior incarceration were more likely than other inmates to be concerned with going home and continuing employment. Family Ties Social and family support was inversely related to violent prison misconduct (Cunningham Sorensen, 2007; DeLisi et al., 2004; Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2005; Wooldredge et al., 2001). Inmates with less social and familial support committed significantly more acts of serious prison violence (DeLisi et al., 2004). Moreover, inmates who made and received more telephone calls from children were less likely to commit violent rule violations (Jiang, Fisher-Giorlando Mo, 2005). According to Jiang and colleagues (2005) inmates with strong family ties had more to lose if they were involved in violent prison misconduct. Sources of family support included mail, telephone calls, and visitations. Rule violations could result in loss of visiting privileges, which is a strong source of strengthening family ties. Length of Sentence The relationship between length of current sentence that inmates are serving and violent prison misconduct is debatable. Inmates with shorter sentences were more likely to commit violent acts. Short term sentenced inmates were usually younger and they still possessed a street mentality. Inmates with longer sentences were usually older and appeared to better understand the need to co-exist with other inmates as well as correctional staff (Wooldredge et al., 2001). Security Level Several studies showed that security level is a predictor of rule violation (Camp et al., 2003; Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002; Steiner Wooldredge, 2008). To be more specific, inmates residing in working cell-blocks and dormitories are less likely than are those in lock-down cell-blocks to commit violence and incidents against correctional staff (Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). Prison Environment Prison environment exerts an influence on inmate misconduct, especially interpersonal violence (Blackburn et al., 2007; Camp et al., 2003; Steiner Wooldredge, 2008). Research conducted by Camp et al., (2003) indicated that prison’s organizational factors influenced inmates’ behavior that led to violent misconduct. Furthermore, institutions with inexperienced staff had greater report numbers of inmate misconduct. Moreover, prison crowding, as one of the ecological factors, influenced inmate behavior because it produces intermediate psychological states, such as depression that then lead to misconduct (Camp et al., 2003). Gender Previous studies showed that gender was inversely related to violent prison misconduct (Blackburn et al., 2007; Camp et al., 2003; Wolff et al., 2009). Male inmates reported higher percentage of physical victimization perpetrated by staff, although percentage of inmate on inmate physical victimization was equal for male and female inmates (Wolff et al., 2009). This suggests gender-patterned interactions between inmate and staff in which male inmates compared to female inmates are more aggressive against authority figures. In summary, what is known from the literature reviewed is that some factors might influence inmates’ behavior. What is missing is the correlation between those factors and prison violent misconduct, which is addressed by my study. Key variables identified in the reviewed literature are race, age, education and employment, family ties, length of sentence, security level and prison environment, which are incorporated into the study’s methodology as surve y and focus group questions. Theoretical Review To explain inmate behavior in prison three major theoretical models have been proposed. They are the deprivation, importation, and situational models. A true explanation of violent inmate misconduct lies in a combination of those three theories. However, the importation model can be use as the most legitimate singular explanation of violent prison misconduct. The main focus of an importation model is on the influence of pre- prison socialization and experience of the inmate on his/her behavior while being incarcerated (Jiang Fisher- Giorlando, 2002). According to Jiang Fisher- Giorlando (2002) inmates’ behavior can be largely determine by their distinctive traits and social backgrounds. The importation model is a reflection of a pre- prison norms and beliefs system of an inmate rather than a result of incarceration in a facility (Irvin Cressey, 1962; as cited in Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). As importation model implies inmate behavior while being behind the bars is an extension of the antisocial behaviors that criminal offenders developed in the community (DeLisi et al., 2004). Research Design The research design that I used was the analysis of an existing database. I downloaded and analyzed an existing data source from the National Archives of Criminal Justice Data, which can be found at www.ICPSR.org. The data source that I downloaded and analyzed has number 24642 and the title of it is Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities. The principle investigator of this study is United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, and the time period is January 1st, 2005 to December 30th, 2005. I chose this dataset because it contains the information needed to do my study on prison violence misconduct. The 2005 Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities is the seventh enumeration of State institutions and the fourth of Federal institutions sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics and its predecessors. Earlier censuses were completed in 1974, 1979, 1984, 1990, 1995 and 2000. The facility universe was developed from the Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities conducted in 2000. In 2000, data were collected from 84 federal facilities and 1,584 non-federal facilities operating on June 30th, 2000. In 2005, each State’s Department of Corrections was contacted to identify new facilities and facilities that had been closed since June 2000. Telephone follow-ups were carried out during 2006. All but one respondent-State of Illinois- participated in the Census.My study determines if in a time period between January 1st, 2005 and December 30th, 2005, the correctional facilities used in existing dataset 24642 experienced physical or sexual assaults, misconduct against correctional staff and misconduct against other inmates. The response options for dependent variables have values such as: 1 which is label Yes, 2 which is label No, and 9 or 999 which is label Missing. This study aims to determine if independent variables such as race, age, education and employment, family ties, length of sentence, security level, prison environment and gender have a strong correlation with the dependent variables. Data Analysis For my analyses, I used SPSS Statistics program in version 18.0. I ran frequencies and descriptive tests on both dependent and independent variables. Moreover, I ran ANOVA and t-test to test how facility security levels and race/ethnicity of the inmates impact or don’t the amount of violence. Results Table 1: Age of the inmates residing in the facilities during the 1- year period of 2005 (Independent Variable). |Descriptive Statistics | | | | |Frequency |Percent |Valid Percent |Cumulative Percent | |Valid |Yes |475 |26.1 |28.6 | As seen in Table 2, during the 1-year period of 2005, 28.6 percent of facilities indicated that yes, there were physical or sexual assaults. The other 71.4 percent indicated that there were no physical or sexual assaults. As seen below in Table 3, during the same year period there was an average of just under 16 inmate-on-inmate assaults at facilities. I also ran a frequency table of staff deaths by inmates, but there were very few. Table 3: During the 1- year period of 2005 how many inmate on inmates assaults (Dependent Variable). | | | | | |N |Minimum |Maximum |Mean | | | | | | | |Y1_BETWEEN 1/1/2005 AND 12/30/2005 WERE THERE PHYSICAL OR SEXUAL ASSAULTS | The results in the above tables test my hypothesis about how facility security levels impact (or don’t) the amount of violence, using three different measures of the dependent variable: physical or sexual assaults; inmate deaths; and inmate-on-inmate assaults. I ran three ANOVA (analysis of variance) tests, and the results are shown above. Only the ANOVA tests for Y1 and Y3 were statistically significant. There was no difference by security level in the number of staff deaths by inmates, probably because those were low to begin with. However, in terms of physical and sexual assaults (Y1), these were highest at minimum and low-security facilities (mean =1.91). In terms of inmate-on-inmate assaults, these were highest Maximum/close/high facilities, with an average of nearly 34 assaults by inmates on other inmates in 2005. Table 7: Type of Violence by Race/Ethnicity | | |Y1_BETWEEN 1/1/2005 |Y3_BETWEEN 1/1/2005 | | | |AND 12/30/2005 WERE |AND 12/30/2005 HOW | | | |THERE PHYSICAL OR |MANY INMATE ON | | | |SEXUAL ASSAULTS |INMATES ASSAULTS | |X1_race_white |Pearson Correlation |-.391(**) |.341(**) | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |.000 |.000 | | |N |1631 |1665 | |X1_race_black |Pearson Correlation |-.453(**) |.392(**) | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |.000 |.000 | | |N |1625 |1657 | |X1_race_ethnicity_Hispanic |Pearson Correlation |-.290(**) |.202(**) | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |.000 |.000 | | |N |1450 |1479 | ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). As seen above in Table 7, both White and Black race, as well as Hispanic ethnicity, were statistically significantly related to dependent variables Y1 and Y3. Y2 is not shown in the table format because neither race nor ethnicity was related to staff deaths by inmates. Again, this may be due to the small number of staff deaths. An odd pattern emerges: Y1 (number of physical and sexual assaults) was significantly and negatively related to all three race/ethnicity variables. On the other hand, Y3 (number of inmate-on-inmate assaults) was positively and significantly related to all three race/ethnicity variables. The reasons for this are not clear, but may have something to do with the meaning of the questions asked for Y1 and Y3. As for the size of the correlation coefficient, it is the highest for Blacks (r= -.453 and .392), next highest for Whites (r= -.391 and .341), and lowest for Hispanics (r= -.29 and .202). Discussion To return to my first original hypothesis that violent prison misconduct is more prevalent among African-American and Hispanic inmates than Caucasians or any other ethnic group I have to say that my findings only partially support that statement. According to my results violence among or by African- American inmates appears to be the highest, and is followed by violence among or by White inmates. However, violence by or among Hispanic inmates is the lowest comparing it to violence among or by other races. Moreover, my findings on the impact of security level of facility on prison violence were not exactly what I expected because they differ depending on a type of an assault. Therefore, they partially support my second hypothesis that inmates who are residing in maximum-security facilities are more violent than inmates residing in medium or minimum-security facilities, especially towards correctional staff. I found that counter to what I expected, super-maximum facilities are not the most dangerous correctional institutions but they have the highest inmate on inmate number of assaults. Findings from this study about how race impact prison violence partially support what I have found previously in the literature review. According to Wayne Gillespie (2005) and my findings White inmates less likely engage in most types of misconduct compared to African-American inmates but not Hispanic inmates. However, my results on the impact of security level of facility and prison violence are interesting because they do support the findings mentioned in the literature review. All the findings suggest that security level does affect the amount of in-facility violence, but that differs by the type of violence. Limitation of the Study While conducting my research by using existing database I had to face a few problems with it. 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